Digestive System - Need to Study Flashcards
tongue points of attachment
hyoid bone, mandible, lingual frenulum
types of papillae (3)
- circumvallate
- fungiform
- filiform
pharynx muscles / physiology
2 skeletal muscle layers:
- inner longitudinal layer
- outer circumferential layer
contract alternatively to cause peristalsis
digestive tract tissue layers & purposes
- mucosa (inner layer): secretes mucus into gi tract
- submucosa: contains blood & lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, mucous glands
- muscularis externa: 2 layers of muscle for peristalsis -
- outer longitudinal fibers
- inner circumferential fibers - serosa (outer layer): cells make serous fluid (reduces friction btwn organs)
large intestine sections (8)
- cecum
- appendix
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal canal
sphincters of anal canal
- internal (smooth muscle, involuntary)
2. external (skeletal muscle, voluntary)
types of carbs (2) + examples
- starches (grains, veggies)
2. sugars (milk, fruit)
types of lipids (3) + examples
- saturated fats (dairy/meat)
- unsaturated fats (olive oil, nuts)
- cholesterol (beef, egg yolks)
types of proteins (2) + examples
- complete proteins (animal products)
2. incomplete proteins (beans)
7 essential minerals
calcium chloride magnesium phosphorus potassium sodium sulfur
greater omentum
- part of peritoneum that attaches greater curvature to posterior wall of abdomen
- hangs down like apron covering transverse colon & anterior small int.
lesser omentum
part of peritoneum (serous membrane covering stomach) that attaches lesser curvature to liver
stomach pH source/function
comes from HCl secreted by parietal cells. kills bacteria & converts pepsinogen into pepsin
lesser curvature
concave, extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach (top)
greater curvature
convex, extends outward on longer side of stomach (bottom)
small intestine sections (3)
- duodenum (shortest)
- jejunum
- ileum
absorption process in small intestine
Each small intestinal villus contains blood vessels and a lacteal lymphatic vessel - villi are where absorption occurs.
- Sugars and amino acids enter villi cells –> absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Glycerol and fatty acids enter villi cells –> reassembled into fat molecules –> lacteals.
large intestine functions (4)
- reabsorbs water
- reabsorbs electrolytes
- moves waste to anus
- absorbs vitamins B + K produced by intestinal bacteria
anabolism
synthesis: set of reactions combining smaller molecules to make larger molecules
catabolism
breakdown: set of reactions breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
electron transport chain
hydrogen atoms from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are converted to water. This releases energy which is used to add phosphate to ADP to create ATP.
How is the energy released in the breakdown of glucose converted to a form usable by the cells?
The energy released in the breakdown of glucose allows for a phosphate to be added an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule. This makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is cells use as energy to perform cellular activities.
lipid breakdown
occurs in liver, called beta-oxidation
creates 2x energy as glucose breakdown
- fat broken down –> acetic acid
- TCA cycle: acetic acid –> CO2 + ATP
- electron transport: H –> H2O + energy –> energy used to add phosphate to ADP –> ATP
protein breakdown
- amino group removed from protein –> ammonia
- TCA cycle: ammonia –> CO2 + ATP
- electron transport: H –> H2O + energy –> energy used to add phosphate to ADP –> ATP
- excess ammonia –> urea (in liver, bc ammonia = harmful to body)
- urea excreted from body in urine
glycolysis
glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP
citric acid / TCA cycle
pyruvate molecules converted to CO2, producing 2 ATP
