Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
how is insulin synthesized?
in the pancreas by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
what secretes glucagon?
alpha cells
What is the primary stimulus for release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cell?
glucose
What are the 2 states in in glucose metabolism?
fed and fasting
What occurs during fed/absorptive?
occurs after ingestion of a meal and is characterized buy utilization and storage of ingested energy nutrients
Besides glucose, what else does insulin appear to increase the uptake and decrease the release of?
aa by the skeletal muscles, there inducing protein synthesis and preventing muscle breakdown
Which main control undergoes anabolism and catabolism in cells?
insulin= anabolism (storing foodstuffs into cells) and glucagon= catabolism
Type 1 Diabetes
insulin deficiency due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreatic islets
Etiology of Type 1
immune-mediated (type 1A) idiopathic (type 1B)
Si/Sx of Type 1 Diabetes
overproduction og glucagon stimulates glycogeogenesis and glycogenolysis leading to hyperglycemia and glucosuria causing polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and ketoacidosis
Type 2 Diabetes
impaired ability of tissues to use insulin and lack of insulin or impaired release of inulin from dysfunctional beta cells
Risk factors of Type 2
sedentary lifestyle and obesity
Acute Hyerglycemia in diabetes
hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and concomittant fluid and metabolic problems
2 types of chronic hyperglycemia
vascular and neuropathy
what are the 2 types of vascular complications and their differences?
macrovascular- complications of diabetes mellitus are defined as damage to the large vessels providing circulation to the brain, heart, and extremities
Microvascular- complications of diabetes are retiniopathy and nephropathy which are though to result from abnormal thickening of the basement membrane in capillaries
What are the 2 types of neuropathic complications?
autonomic and sensory dysfunctions
What does autonomic dysfunction include?
GI disturbances, bladder dysfunction, tachycardia, postural hypertension, and sexual dysfxn
What does sensory dysfxn include?
carpal tunnel syndrome, and parathesias
What is most responsible for the increased risk of foot amputation?
neuropathy
Patho of type 1 diabetes
since insulin production is completely deficient, glucose cannot be uptaken by the tissues and neurons, so the liver undergoes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to provide FFA & KA and adipose produce FFA these FFA and KA are uptaken by the neural tissue and muscle tissues while the pancreas secretes glucagon
Patho of type 2
since insulin is resistant on peripheral tissues, the liver undergoes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to secrete glucose, the glucose is uptaken by adipose tissue, muscle tissue and neural tissue, while the pancreas secretes glucagon
Diabetes mellitus is most accurately defined as a disorder that affects
the utilization of all energy nutrients
For the individual with type 2 diabetes, the immediate problems brought about by hyperglycemia can lead to which of the following?
insulin resistance, further diminished insulin secretions, polyuria and polydipsia
Ketoacidosis results in which of the following?
increase in hormonal levels of cortisol, continued insulin deficiency, and accumulation of fatty acids,
