Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 1

Acute Kidney Injury

Answer 1

sudden reduction of kidney function causing disruption in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances, retention of nitrogenous waste products, increased serum creatinine level, decreased GFR

Question 2

What are the preexisting conditions that increase chance of acute kidney injury

Answer 2

preexisting kidney impairment, Cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, malignancies, and benign prostatic hypertrophy

Question 3

Prerenal Kidney Injury

Answer 3

diminished perfusion of the kidney

Question 4

Etiology of Prerenal Kidney Injury

Answer 4

depletion of volume ( fever, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, hemorrhage, snd overuse of diuretic therapy produce fluid volume deficits)

Question 5

Postrenal kidney injury

Answer 5

factors that obstruct urine flow distal to the kidney

Question 6

T/F. If only one kidney is affected, the activity of the remaining kidney will increase to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Intrinsic/ intrarenal kidney injury

Answer 7

primary dysfunction of the nephrons may be due to vascular, interstitial, glomerular, or tubular

Question 8

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Answer 8

the result of tubular cell injury, primarily attributable to ischemia or exposure to nephrotoxic substances

Question 9

What is the major cause of ATN in elderly adults and can develop within 12-24 hours?

Answer 9

contrast-induced AKI

Question 10

What are the pathophysiologic processes that result in the rapid decrease GFR

Answer 10

vascular and tubular process

Question 11

What are the 3 phases of ATN

Answer 11

1. Prodromal- normal or declining urine and varies in duration depending on causative factors
2. Oliguria- retention of nitrogenous wastes and certain electrolytes, fluid volume excess
3. Postoliguric- diuresis occurs, tubular function remain impaired and azotemia continues