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Pathophysiology > Chronic Disorder of Neurologic Functions > Flashcards

Chronic Disorder of Neurologic Functions Flashcards

1
Q

This type of disorder is transients neurologic event of paroxysomal abnormal electrical charges that are manifested by disturbances of skeletal motor fxn, sensation, autonomic visceral fxn, behavior, pr consciousness?

A

seizures

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2
Q

what triggers a seizure?

A

is often triggered by a specific stimuli which is usually unique for each individual

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3
Q

Seizure pathogenesis

A

an alt in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive and hypersensitive to changes in their environment. neurons can also recruit other neurons in the same region

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of seizures?

A

partial and generalized

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5
Q

Partial seizure

A

electrical disturbance occurs in one hemisphere of the brain

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6
Q

Generalized seizure

A

electrical disturbance occurs in both hemispheres of the brain and produces loss of consciousness

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7
Q

What are the subtypes of partial seizures?

A

simple- consciousness is retained

complex consciousness is impaired or lost

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8
Q

What are the types of generalized seizures?

A
  1. absence
  2. atonic
  3. myoclonic
  4. tonic-clonic
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9
Q

absence generalized seizures

A

occur mostly in children. Lapse of awareness sometimes with staring, begin and end abruptly and lasts only a a few secs

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10
Q

Atonic generalized seizure

A

sudden and complete loss of muscle tone (head drops, loss of posture, collapse)

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11
Q

Myoclonic generalized seizures

A

brief contractions of muscles occasionally involves one arm or foot

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12
Q

Tonic-clonic generalized seizures

A

begin with stiff limbs, muscle contractions, jerking of the limbs and face, breathing may decrease or cease, producing cyanosis of lips, nail beds, and face

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13
Q

What type of syndrome is characterized by a progressive deterioration and continuing decline of memory and other cognitive fxns?

A

dementia

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14
Q

what are the main types of dementia?

A

Alzheimer and vascular-type

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15
Q

What is the most specific change in the bran of those with Alzheimer disease?

A

deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques

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16
Q

Damages in the brain of those with Alzheimer have changes in which mechanisms?

A
  1. nerve cell communication
  2. metabolism
  3. repair
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17
Q

If Elieen has Alzheimer, what neurotransmitters can you expect to be imbalanced?

A

Ach, glutamate, dopamine and serotonin

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18
Q

What are the results of vascular dementia?

A

cerebrovascular insults, multiple lacunar infarcts, and microvascular pathology

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for vascular dementia?

A
  1. stroke
  2. hypertension
  3. diabetes
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20
Q

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer?

A
  1. age
  2. fam history
  3. lifestyle
  4. head trauma
  5. diabetes
  6. depression
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21
Q

What is the mobility disorder that affects 1 million Americans?

A

parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

T/F Parkinson’s disease can be idiopathic and acquired?

A

true

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23
Q

What are common causes of Parkinson’s?

A

infection, intoxication, and trauma

24
Q

Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s

A

degeneration of the pigmented dopaminergic neurons found in the substantia nigra. the cause of degeneration is uknown, but 75%-80% of neurons die before any Sx become apparent

25
Q

What are the early Si of Parkinson’s?

A

loss of flexibility, aching and fatigue

26
Q

What is the Si that patients experience causing them to visit the dr?

A

tremors

27
Q

What is the cure for Parkinson’s?

A

there is no cure just treatment aiming to slow the progression and Sx management

28
Q

If Rachel is currently taking haloperidol what disease is she at risk for developing?

A

Parkinson’s

29
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

diverse group of crippling syndromes that appears during childhood and involves permanent, nonprogressive damage to the developing brain

30
Q

Where does damage to the brain occur during cerebral palsy?

A

upper motor neurons that control voluntary and involuntary muscle movement

31
Q

Cerebral palsy etiologic factors

A

prenatal infections, disease of the mother, mechanical trauma to the head before, during or after birth, exposure to nerve-damaging poisons, period of reduced oygen to the brain

32
Q

SI/SX of cerebral palsy

A

hemiplegia, paralegia, triplegia, and quadriplegia, slow and jerky movements,

33
Q

Condition caused by abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricular system

A

hydrocephalus

34
Q

What are the 3 types of hydrocephalus?

A
  1. normal-pressure- CSF vol increases without change in ICP because brain tissue has been lost
  2. Obstructive/noncommunicating- most common in children and attributable to an abnormality of the cerebral aqueduct or a lesion in the fourth ventricle
  3. nonobstructive/communicating- abnormality in the capacity to absorb fluid from the subarachnoid space
35
Q

What are some cause of cerebellar disorders?

A

abscess, hemorrhages, tumors, trauma viral infections, and chromic alcoholism

36
Q

Si/Sx of cerebellar disorder

A

ataxia (muscle incoordination), hypotonia, intention tremors, disturbances of gait and balance

37
Q

MS

A

A chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS that causes significant disability in young adults

38
Q

MS Etiology

A

autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and scarring of the myelin sheaths covering nerves

39
Q

What are the structures most affected by MS?

A

optic nerves, oculomotor nerve, and the corticospinal, cerebellar, and posterior column systems

40
Q

SI/SX of MS

A

blurred vision, diplopia, weakness, numbness, tingling, extreme fatigue, imbalance, pain, paraesthesia, cognitive impairment, and vertigo

41
Q

Spina Bifida

A

developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord (neural tube) through the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

42
Q

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?

A

Occulta there is no visible anomaly and cystica there is an external saclike structure

43
Q

Supplementation of what should be consumed during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida?

A

folic acid

44
Q

ALS

A

A progressive degenerative disease affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy of the arms, hands, and legs

45
Q

What has been identified as the only probable cause of ALS currently?

A

smoking

46
Q

SI/SX of ALS

A

muscle weakness and atrophy (earliest: twitching, cramping, and stiffness)

47
Q

What is the common treatment for ALS?

A

Glutamate inhibitor

48
Q

What are spinal cord injuries the result of?

A

compression from tumor, hematoma or bony encroachment and from blunt trauma causing contusion of neural tissue

49
Q

What are the 3 types of spinal injuries?

A

flexion, hyperextension (most common), and compression

50
Q

SI/SX of spinal injuries

A

spinal shock, neurogenic shock (cervical or upper thoracic), hypertension, and bradycardia

51
Q

Gullain-Barre Syndrome

A

inflammatory demyelinating disease of the PNS or a lower motor neuron disorder

52
Q

SI/SX of Gullain- Barre Syndrome

A

progressive ascending weakness or paralysis beginning the lower extremities and spread to the proximal spinal neurons

53
Q

What is the cause of Gullain-Barre?

A

idiopathic

54
Q

Bell palsy

A

an acute idiopathc paresis or paralysis of the facial nerve involving an inflammatory rxn at or near the stylomastoid foramen or in the bony facial canal

55
Q

What does Bell palsy have an occurrence with?

A

ischemia, compression and demyelination

56
Q

SI/SX of bell palsy

A

unilateral facial weakness with facial droop and diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation

Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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