Chronic Disorder of Neurologic Functions Flashcards
This type of disorder is transients neurologic event of paroxysomal abnormal electrical charges that are manifested by disturbances of skeletal motor fxn, sensation, autonomic visceral fxn, behavior, pr consciousness?
seizures
what triggers a seizure?
is often triggered by a specific stimuli which is usually unique for each individual
Seizure pathogenesis
an alt in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive and hypersensitive to changes in their environment. neurons can also recruit other neurons in the same region
What are the 2 types of seizures?
partial and generalized
Partial seizure
electrical disturbance occurs in one hemisphere of the brain
Generalized seizure
electrical disturbance occurs in both hemispheres of the brain and produces loss of consciousness
What are the subtypes of partial seizures?
simple- consciousness is retained
complex consciousness is impaired or lost
What are the types of generalized seizures?
- absence
- atonic
- myoclonic
- tonic-clonic
absence generalized seizures
occur mostly in children. Lapse of awareness sometimes with staring, begin and end abruptly and lasts only a a few secs
Atonic generalized seizure
sudden and complete loss of muscle tone (head drops, loss of posture, collapse)
Myoclonic generalized seizures
brief contractions of muscles occasionally involves one arm or foot
Tonic-clonic generalized seizures
begin with stiff limbs, muscle contractions, jerking of the limbs and face, breathing may decrease or cease, producing cyanosis of lips, nail beds, and face
What type of syndrome is characterized by a progressive deterioration and continuing decline of memory and other cognitive fxns?
dementia
what are the main types of dementia?
Alzheimer and vascular-type
What is the most specific change in the bran of those with Alzheimer disease?
deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques
Damages in the brain of those with Alzheimer have changes in which mechanisms?
- nerve cell communication
- metabolism
- repair
If Elieen has Alzheimer, what neurotransmitters can you expect to be imbalanced?
Ach, glutamate, dopamine and serotonin
What are the results of vascular dementia?
cerebrovascular insults, multiple lacunar infarcts, and microvascular pathology
What are the risk factors for vascular dementia?
- stroke
- hypertension
- diabetes
What are the risk factors for Alzheimer?
- age
- fam history
- lifestyle
- head trauma
- diabetes
- depression
What is the mobility disorder that affects 1 million Americans?
parkinson’s disease
T/F Parkinson’s disease can be idiopathic and acquired?
true
What are common causes of Parkinson’s?
infection, intoxication, and trauma
Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s
degeneration of the pigmented dopaminergic neurons found in the substantia nigra. the cause of degeneration is uknown, but 75%-80% of neurons die before any Sx become apparent
What are the early Si of Parkinson’s?
loss of flexibility, aching and fatigue
What is the Si that patients experience causing them to visit the dr?
tremors
What is the cure for Parkinson’s?
there is no cure just treatment aiming to slow the progression and Sx management
If Rachel is currently taking haloperidol what disease is she at risk for developing?
Parkinson’s
Cerebral palsy
diverse group of crippling syndromes that appears during childhood and involves permanent, nonprogressive damage to the developing brain
Where does damage to the brain occur during cerebral palsy?
upper motor neurons that control voluntary and involuntary muscle movement
Cerebral palsy etiologic factors
prenatal infections, disease of the mother, mechanical trauma to the head before, during or after birth, exposure to nerve-damaging poisons, period of reduced oygen to the brain
SI/SX of cerebral palsy
hemiplegia, paralegia, triplegia, and quadriplegia, slow and jerky movements,
Condition caused by abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricular system
hydrocephalus
What are the 3 types of hydrocephalus?
- normal-pressure- CSF vol increases without change in ICP because brain tissue has been lost
- Obstructive/noncommunicating- most common in children and attributable to an abnormality of the cerebral aqueduct or a lesion in the fourth ventricle
- nonobstructive/communicating- abnormality in the capacity to absorb fluid from the subarachnoid space
What are some cause of cerebellar disorders?
abscess, hemorrhages, tumors, trauma viral infections, and chromic alcoholism
Si/Sx of cerebellar disorder
ataxia (muscle incoordination), hypotonia, intention tremors, disturbances of gait and balance
MS
A chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS that causes significant disability in young adults
MS Etiology
autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and scarring of the myelin sheaths covering nerves
What are the structures most affected by MS?
optic nerves, oculomotor nerve, and the corticospinal, cerebellar, and posterior column systems
SI/SX of MS
blurred vision, diplopia, weakness, numbness, tingling, extreme fatigue, imbalance, pain, paraesthesia, cognitive impairment, and vertigo
Spina Bifida
developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord (neural tube) through the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude
What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?
Occulta there is no visible anomaly and cystica there is an external saclike structure
Supplementation of what should be consumed during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida?
folic acid
ALS
A progressive degenerative disease affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy of the arms, hands, and legs
What has been identified as the only probable cause of ALS currently?
smoking
SI/SX of ALS
muscle weakness and atrophy (earliest: twitching, cramping, and stiffness)
What is the common treatment for ALS?
Glutamate inhibitor
What are spinal cord injuries the result of?
compression from tumor, hematoma or bony encroachment and from blunt trauma causing contusion of neural tissue
What are the 3 types of spinal injuries?
flexion, hyperextension (most common), and compression
SI/SX of spinal injuries
spinal shock, neurogenic shock (cervical or upper thoracic), hypertension, and bradycardia
Gullain-Barre Syndrome
inflammatory demyelinating disease of the PNS or a lower motor neuron disorder
SI/SX of Gullain- Barre Syndrome
progressive ascending weakness or paralysis beginning the lower extremities and spread to the proximal spinal neurons
What is the cause of Gullain-Barre?
idiopathic
Bell palsy
an acute idiopathc paresis or paralysis of the facial nerve involving an inflammatory rxn at or near the stylomastoid foramen or in the bony facial canal
What does Bell palsy have an occurrence with?
ischemia, compression and demyelination
SI/SX of bell palsy
unilateral facial weakness with facial droop and diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation
