Chronic Disorder of Neurologic Functions

Question 1

This type of disorder is transients neurologic event of paroxysomal abnormal electrical charges that are manifested by disturbances of skeletal motor fxn, sensation, autonomic visceral fxn, behavior, pr consciousness?

Answer 1

seizures

Question 2

what triggers a seizure?

Answer 2

is often triggered by a specific stimuli which is usually unique for each individual

Question 3

Seizure pathogenesis

Answer 3

an alt in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive and hypersensitive to changes in their environment. neurons can also recruit other neurons in the same region

Question 4

What are the 2 types of seizures?

Answer 4

partial and generalized

Question 5

Partial seizure

Answer 5

electrical disturbance occurs in one hemisphere of the brain

Question 6

Generalized seizure

Answer 6

electrical disturbance occurs in both hemispheres of the brain and produces loss of consciousness

Question 7

What are the subtypes of partial seizures?

Answer 7

simple- consciousness is retained

complex consciousness is impaired or lost

Question 8

What are the types of generalized seizures?

Answer 8

1. absence
2. atonic
3. myoclonic
4. tonic-clonic

Question 9

absence generalized seizures

Answer 9

occur mostly in children. Lapse of awareness sometimes with staring, begin and end abruptly and lasts only a a few secs

Question 10

Atonic generalized seizure

Answer 10

sudden and complete loss of muscle tone (head drops, loss of posture, collapse)

Question 11

Myoclonic generalized seizures

Answer 11

brief contractions of muscles occasionally involves one arm or foot

Question 12

Tonic-clonic generalized seizures

Answer 12

begin with stiff limbs, muscle contractions, jerking of the limbs and face, breathing may decrease or cease, producing cyanosis of lips, nail beds, and face

Question 13

What type of syndrome is characterized by a progressive deterioration and continuing decline of memory and other cognitive fxns?

Answer 13

dementia

Question 14

what are the main types of dementia?

Answer 14

Alzheimer and vascular-type

Question 15

What is the most specific change in the bran of those with Alzheimer disease?

Answer 15

deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques

Question 16

Damages in the brain of those with Alzheimer have changes in which mechanisms?

Answer 16

1. nerve cell communication
2. metabolism
3. repair

Question 17

If Elieen has Alzheimer, what neurotransmitters can you expect to be imbalanced?

Answer 17

Ach, glutamate, dopamine and serotonin

Question 18

What are the results of vascular dementia?

Answer 18

cerebrovascular insults, multiple lacunar infarcts, and microvascular pathology

Question 19

What are the risk factors for vascular dementia?

Answer 19

1. stroke
2. hypertension
3. diabetes

Question 20

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer?

Answer 20

1. age
2. fam history
3. lifestyle
4. head trauma
5. diabetes
6. depression

Question 21

What is the mobility disorder that affects 1 million Americans?

Answer 21

parkinson’s disease

Question 22

T/F Parkinson’s disease can be idiopathic and acquired?

Answer 22

true

Question 23

What are common causes of Parkinson’s?

Answer 23

infection, intoxication, and trauma

Question 24

Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s

Answer 24

degeneration of the pigmented dopaminergic neurons found in the substantia nigra. the cause of degeneration is uknown, but 75%-80% of neurons die before any Sx become apparent

Question 25

What are the early Si of Parkinson's?

Answer 25

loss of flexibility, aching and fatigue

Question 26

What is the Si that patients experience causing them to visit the dr?

Answer 26

tremors

Question 27

What is the cure for Parkinson's?

Answer 27

there is no cure just treatment aiming to slow the progression and Sx management

Question 28

If Rachel is currently taking haloperidol what disease is she at risk for developing?

Answer 28

Parkinson's

Question 29

Cerebral palsy

Answer 29

diverse group of crippling syndromes that appears during childhood and involves permanent, nonprogressive damage to the developing brain

Question 30

Where does damage to the brain occur during cerebral palsy?

Answer 30

upper motor neurons that control voluntary and involuntary muscle movement

Question 31

Cerebral palsy etiologic factors

Answer 31

prenatal infections, disease of the mother, mechanical trauma to the head before, during or after birth, exposure to nerve-damaging poisons, period of reduced oygen to the brain

Question 32

SI/SX of cerebral palsy

Answer 32

hemiplegia, paralegia, triplegia, and quadriplegia, slow and jerky movements,

Question 33

Condition caused by abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricular system

Answer 33

hydrocephalus

Question 34

What are the 3 types of hydrocephalus?

Answer 34

1. normal-pressure- CSF vol increases without change in ICP because brain tissue has been lost 2. Obstructive/noncommunicating- most common in children and attributable to an abnormality of the cerebral aqueduct or a lesion in the fourth ventricle 3. nonobstructive/communicating- abnormality in the capacity to absorb fluid from the subarachnoid space

Question 35

What are some cause of cerebellar disorders?

Answer 35

abscess, hemorrhages, tumors, trauma viral infections, and chromic alcoholism

Question 36

Si/Sx of cerebellar disorder

Answer 36

ataxia (muscle incoordination), hypotonia, intention tremors, disturbances of gait and balance

Question 37

MS

Answer 37

A chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS that causes significant disability in young adults

Question 38

MS Etiology

Answer 38

autoimmune disorder that results in inflammation and scarring of the myelin sheaths covering nerves

Question 39

What are the structures most affected by MS?

Answer 39

optic nerves, oculomotor nerve, and the corticospinal, cerebellar, and posterior column systems

Question 40

SI/SX of MS

Answer 40

blurred vision, diplopia, weakness, numbness, tingling, extreme fatigue, imbalance, pain, paraesthesia, cognitive impairment, and vertigo

Question 41

Spina Bifida

Answer 41

developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord (neural tube) through the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

Question 42

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica?

Answer 42

Occulta there is no visible anomaly and cystica there is an external saclike structure

Question 43

Supplementation of what should be consumed during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida?

Answer 43

folic acid

Question 44

ALS

Answer 44

A progressive degenerative disease affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy of the arms, hands, and legs

Question 45

What has been identified as the only probable cause of ALS currently?

Answer 45

smoking

Question 46

SI/SX of ALS

Answer 46

muscle weakness and atrophy (earliest: twitching, cramping, and stiffness)

Question 47

What is the common treatment for ALS?

Answer 47

Glutamate inhibitor

Question 48

What are spinal cord injuries the result of?

Answer 48

compression from tumor, hematoma or bony encroachment and from blunt trauma causing contusion of neural tissue

Question 49

What are the 3 types of spinal injuries?

Answer 49

flexion, hyperextension (most common), and compression

Question 50

SI/SX of spinal injuries

Answer 50

spinal shock, neurogenic shock (cervical or upper thoracic), hypertension, and bradycardia

Question 51

Gullain-Barre Syndrome

Answer 51

inflammatory demyelinating disease of the PNS or a lower motor neuron disorder

Question 52

SI/SX of Gullain- Barre Syndrome

Answer 52

progressive ascending weakness or paralysis beginning the lower extremities and spread to the proximal spinal neurons

Question 53

What is the cause of Gullain-Barre?

Answer 53

idiopathic

Question 54

Bell palsy

Answer 54

an acute idiopathc paresis or paralysis of the facial nerve involving an inflammatory rxn at or near the stylomastoid foramen or in the bony facial canal

Question 55

What does Bell palsy have an occurrence with?

Answer 55

ischemia, compression and demyelination

Question 56

SI/SX of bell palsy

Answer 56

unilateral facial weakness with facial droop and diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation