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Pathophysiology > ALt. in Musculoskeletal Fxn: trauma, disease, and infection > Flashcards

ALt. in Musculoskeletal Fxn: trauma, disease, and infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of soft tissues?

A

contractile and inert

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2
Q

ligament

A

a dense connective tissue with prallel-fibered collagenous tissues designed to connect bone to done

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3
Q

Strain

A

injuries ro muscles

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4
Q

Sprains

A

injuries to ligaments (bone to bone)

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5
Q

Rotator cuff injuries

A

injuries to tendons (muscle to bone)

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6
Q

When do injuries to ligaments occur?

A

when loading exceeds the physiologic range of motion

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7
Q

Fasciae

A

occurs when connective tissues of the body are arranged in sheaths that envelopes muscles

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8
Q

What are the results of the trauma to the fasciae?

A

edema and scarring

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9
Q

location between muscles or between muscle or tendon and bone, connective tissue forms a pocket lined with synovium that contains fluid

A

bursae

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10
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of the tendon within the sheath in which a tendon slide may also be traumatized

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11
Q

Causes of tendonitis

A

infection, direct injury, or i jury from repetitive motion

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12
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

due to trauma to soft tissue the unyielding structure of inert tissue

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

cortical and cancellous bone

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14
Q

cortical bone

A

forms the cortex of the bone that is designed to tolerate compression and shearing forces

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15
Q

cancellous bone

A

found in the interior bone that has a spongy or lattice-like appearance

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16
Q

fracture

A

a break in continuity of a bone, an epiphyseal plate or a cartilaginous joint surface

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17
Q

a fracture that occurs in a straight line at approx a 90 degree angle

A

transverse

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18
Q

a fracture that results from a rotational force and cause the bone to separate in an S around the bone

A

spiral

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19
Q

fracture in which the bone splits along its length

A

longitudinal

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20
Q

fracture that results from a rotational force at a 45 degree angle

A

oblique

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21
Q

fracture that consist of more than one fracture line and more than 2 bone fragments

A

comminuted

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22
Q

fracture that is an incomplete break in the bone

A

greenstick

23
Q

Johnny broke his tibia and 5 days later he came back to the hospital and demonstrated chest pain, dyspnea and hypoxemia, what should Nurse Nelson consider?

A

deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism

24
Q

Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue that requires immediate treatment

A

osteomyelitis

25
Q

Etiology of osteomyelitis

A

Hematogenous osteomyelitis is an infectious agent that may be introduced by blood from infection elsewhere in the body

26
Q

SI/SX of osteomyelitis

A

high fever, pain at the site of bone involvement, muscle spasms, redness, swelling and may refuse to move limbs (children) fever, malaise, anorexia, night sweats and weight loss

27
Q

An extrapulmonary form of TB that occurs after lymphohetagenous or sometimes contiguous spread from primary lung lesion.

A

bone and joint TB

28
Q

SI/SX of bone and joint TB

A

local pain, low-grade fever, weakness of lower-extremities

29
Q

Lateral curvature of the spine resulting in an S- or C- shapes spinal column with vertebral rotation

A

scoliosis

30
Q

SI/SX of scoliosis

A

uneven hips, shoulder or scapular prominence, rib or chest hump when bending over and C or S shaped spine

31
Q

What are the 2 types of scoliosis?

A

structural- lateral curve of the spine that fails to correct itself on forced bending itself against the curvature and has vertebral rotation
nonstructural- resolves when the patient bends to the affected side

32
Q

the most common metabolic disease

A

osteoporosis

33
Q

SI/SX of osteoporosis

A

shortened stature, muscle wasting or spasms of back muscles and difficulty bending over, person may complain of impaired breathing

34
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

moderate, regular exercise, CA2+ and vitamin D3, and antiresorptive agents

35
Q

What is deficit n mineralization of newly formed bone matrix either in growing skeleton or in the mature skeleton with resulting soft osteopenic bone called?

A

rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults)

36
Q

What are 2 common deformities as well as growth retardation?

A

genu valgum (knock-kneaded) and genu varum (bowleg)

37
Q

Slowly progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by an initial phase of excessive bone resorption, mediated osteoclasts, followed by excessive bone formation

A

paget disease

38
Q

What are the type of malignant neoplasms that originate in the bone?

A

sarcomas

39
Q

primary carcinomas that metastasize to bone are from

A

breast, prostate, lungs, and kidneys carcinomas

40
Q

Osteochondroma

A

a common cartilage-forming benign tumor that is often asymptomatic and may not be discovered until adulthood

41
Q

Chondroma

A

a cartilage-forming tumor in bone that can be located in the medullary cavity or in the subperiosteal layers of the bone

42
Q

If Ken complains of persistent, dull pain that is worse at night, for which he takes aspirin for and feels better afterwards. He comes into the hospital and the a lesion is found on the cortex of his tibia. What is his diagnosis?

A

osteoid osteoma

43
Q

What is the most common malignant bone tumor that is characterized by the formation of bone or osteoid by tumor cells?

A

osteosarcoma

44
Q

These slow and high cellularity tumors develop in the pelvis that can metastasize to the lung is called what?

A

chondrosarcoma

45
Q

This type of malignant bone cancer develops in children in which pain is the dominant symptom that increases in severity?

A

Ewing sarcoma

46
Q

Slow growing bone marrow malignancy with neoplastic proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells?

A

multiple myeloma

47
Q

The most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy that results from the deficiency of dystrophin leading to muscle necrosis and degeneration?

A

duchenne muscular dystrophy

48
Q

Who is most affected by duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

males because is x-linked trait

49
Q

SI/SX of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

calf muscles are enlarged, age 12-14 they may be confined to a wheelchair

50
Q

A milder form of inherited dystrophy deficit and slower muscular degeneration type of dystrophy disease?

A

becker muscular dystrophy

51
Q

An autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular fxn of voluntary muscles and characterized by profound muscle weakness ad fatigability?

A

Myasthenia gravis

52
Q

pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis

A

Ach receptors Abs are produced that destroy or block Ach receptors of the neuromuscular jxn

53
Q

Chronic pain in muscles and surrounding structures

A

Fibromyalgia

54
Q

SI/SX of fibromyalgia

A

fatigue, headache, joint pain, numbness and tingling, memory and concentration difficulty, edema of the hands and sensitivity to cold

Pathophysiology (19 decks)

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