ALt. in Musculoskeletal Fxn: trauma, disease, and infection Flashcards
what are the 2 types of soft tissues?
contractile and inert
ligament
a dense connective tissue with prallel-fibered collagenous tissues designed to connect bone to done
Strain
injuries ro muscles
Sprains
injuries to ligaments (bone to bone)
Rotator cuff injuries
injuries to tendons (muscle to bone)
When do injuries to ligaments occur?
when loading exceeds the physiologic range of motion
Fasciae
occurs when connective tissues of the body are arranged in sheaths that envelopes muscles
What are the results of the trauma to the fasciae?
edema and scarring
location between muscles or between muscle or tendon and bone, connective tissue forms a pocket lined with synovium that contains fluid
bursae
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon within the sheath in which a tendon slide may also be traumatized
Causes of tendonitis
infection, direct injury, or i jury from repetitive motion
Compartment syndrome
due to trauma to soft tissue the unyielding structure of inert tissue
what are the 2 types of bone?
cortical and cancellous bone
cortical bone
forms the cortex of the bone that is designed to tolerate compression and shearing forces
cancellous bone
found in the interior bone that has a spongy or lattice-like appearance
fracture
a break in continuity of a bone, an epiphyseal plate or a cartilaginous joint surface
a fracture that occurs in a straight line at approx a 90 degree angle
transverse
a fracture that results from a rotational force and cause the bone to separate in an S around the bone
spiral
fracture in which the bone splits along its length
longitudinal
fracture that results from a rotational force at a 45 degree angle
oblique
fracture that consist of more than one fracture line and more than 2 bone fragments
comminuted
fracture that is an incomplete break in the bone
greenstick
Johnny broke his tibia and 5 days later he came back to the hospital and demonstrated chest pain, dyspnea and hypoxemia, what should Nurse Nelson consider?
deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue that requires immediate treatment
osteomyelitis
Etiology of osteomyelitis
Hematogenous osteomyelitis is an infectious agent that may be introduced by blood from infection elsewhere in the body
SI/SX of osteomyelitis
high fever, pain at the site of bone involvement, muscle spasms, redness, swelling and may refuse to move limbs (children) fever, malaise, anorexia, night sweats and weight loss
An extrapulmonary form of TB that occurs after lymphohetagenous or sometimes contiguous spread from primary lung lesion.
bone and joint TB
SI/SX of bone and joint TB
local pain, low-grade fever, weakness of lower-extremities
Lateral curvature of the spine resulting in an S- or C- shapes spinal column with vertebral rotation
scoliosis
SI/SX of scoliosis
uneven hips, shoulder or scapular prominence, rib or chest hump when bending over and C or S shaped spine
What are the 2 types of scoliosis?
structural- lateral curve of the spine that fails to correct itself on forced bending itself against the curvature and has vertebral rotation
nonstructural- resolves when the patient bends to the affected side
the most common metabolic disease
osteoporosis
SI/SX of osteoporosis
shortened stature, muscle wasting or spasms of back muscles and difficulty bending over, person may complain of impaired breathing
Treatment for osteoporosis
moderate, regular exercise, CA2+ and vitamin D3, and antiresorptive agents
What is deficit n mineralization of newly formed bone matrix either in growing skeleton or in the mature skeleton with resulting soft osteopenic bone called?
rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults)
What are 2 common deformities as well as growth retardation?
genu valgum (knock-kneaded) and genu varum (bowleg)
Slowly progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by an initial phase of excessive bone resorption, mediated osteoclasts, followed by excessive bone formation
paget disease
What are the type of malignant neoplasms that originate in the bone?
sarcomas
primary carcinomas that metastasize to bone are from
breast, prostate, lungs, and kidneys carcinomas
Osteochondroma
a common cartilage-forming benign tumor that is often asymptomatic and may not be discovered until adulthood
Chondroma
a cartilage-forming tumor in bone that can be located in the medullary cavity or in the subperiosteal layers of the bone
If Ken complains of persistent, dull pain that is worse at night, for which he takes aspirin for and feels better afterwards. He comes into the hospital and the a lesion is found on the cortex of his tibia. What is his diagnosis?
osteoid osteoma
What is the most common malignant bone tumor that is characterized by the formation of bone or osteoid by tumor cells?
osteosarcoma
These slow and high cellularity tumors develop in the pelvis that can metastasize to the lung is called what?
chondrosarcoma
This type of malignant bone cancer develops in children in which pain is the dominant symptom that increases in severity?
Ewing sarcoma
Slow growing bone marrow malignancy with neoplastic proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells?
multiple myeloma
The most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy that results from the deficiency of dystrophin leading to muscle necrosis and degeneration?
duchenne muscular dystrophy
Who is most affected by duchenne muscular dystrophy?
males because is x-linked trait
SI/SX of duchenne muscular dystrophy
calf muscles are enlarged, age 12-14 they may be confined to a wheelchair
A milder form of inherited dystrophy deficit and slower muscular degeneration type of dystrophy disease?
becker muscular dystrophy
An autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular fxn of voluntary muscles and characterized by profound muscle weakness ad fatigability?
Myasthenia gravis
pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis
Ach receptors Abs are produced that destroy or block Ach receptors of the neuromuscular jxn
Chronic pain in muscles and surrounding structures
Fibromyalgia
SI/SX of fibromyalgia
fatigue, headache, joint pain, numbness and tingling, memory and concentration difficulty, edema of the hands and sensitivity to cold
