Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine > diabetes- basic principles > Flashcards

diabetes- basic principles Flashcards

1
Q

what is diabetes?

A

-an elevation of blood glucose above a diagnostic threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the fasting plasma glucose threshold for diagnosis of diabetes?

A

126mg/dl= 7mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the 2 hr plasma OGTT glucose threshold for diagnosis of diabetes?

A

200mg/dl= 11.1 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the HbA1c threshold for diagnosis of diabetes?

A

48mmol/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the fasting glucose level for impaired or ‘pre-diabetes’?

A

6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L impaired fasting glucpse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the glucose level for impaired or ‘pre-diabetes’ in 2hr glucose in OGTT?

A

7.8-11.0 mmol/L impaired glucose tolerence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is thr HbA1c level in impaired or ‘pre diabetes’

A

42-47mmol/ mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

diabetes that comes on during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the gestational diabetes criteria?

A

threshold levels are not set by retinopathy risk but rather by risk to the foetys/neonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is insulin secreted from?

A

from beta cells in the pancreatic islet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is insulin produced?

A

when there is high blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is glucagon produced from?

A

alpha cells in pancreatic islet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when is glucagon secreted?

A

when there is low glucose (glucose is gone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is insulin cleaved and secreted from pancreatic B cells?

A
  • pro insulin is in pancreatic beta cell
  • pro insulin is cleaved into insulin and C peptide
  • When insulin is secreted so is C peptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is C peptide important?

A
  • because if they just measure insulin then they will just be measuring how much insulin is injected into the blood
  • if you measure C-peptide then you can measure how much insulin the individual is actually producing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some examples of disorders of insulin secretion?

A

most common- type 1 diabetes

Genetic:

  • MODY (rare form of diabetes different from both type 1 and type 2 caused by gene mutation)
  • neonatal diabetes

Pancreatic disease:

  • alcohol and chronic pancreatitis
  • acute pancreatitis
  • pancreatectomy
  • cystic fibrosis (genetic)
  • heamochromatosis (genetic)
17
Q

is type 2 diabetes a disorder of insulin secretion or a disorder of insulin action?

A

mixed- ranging from predominant beta cell deficiency to predominant insulin resistence

18
Q

what are some examples of disorders of insulin action?

A
  • Donohue syndrome
  • Rabson Mendenhall syndrome
  • Familial Partial lipodystrophy
  • Congenital lipoartrophy
  • Aquired lipoartophy
19
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

-autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in beta cell deficiency

20
Q

what age does type 1 diabetes affect?

A

occurs at similar rate in all ages

21
Q

what autoantibodies do most type 1 diabetics have in their blood at diagnoses?

A

up to 95% have pancreatic autoantibodies

22
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

type 2 diabetes is a condition ranging from predominantly insulin resistence with relative insulin deficiency to predominantly an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance

23
Q

is type 1 or type 2 diabetes autoimmune?

A

type 1

24
Q

‘patients do not have any other known cause for their diabetes’

is this referring to type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

A

type 2- this is a diagnoses of exclusion

25
Q

how does diabetes present?

A

often asymptomatic- especially type 2

symptoms of high blood glucose:

  • polyuria
  • thirst and polydipsia
  • blurred vision
  • genital thrush
  • fatigue
  • weight loss

symptoms/signs of complications (rarely)
-loss of vision/retinal bleed or retinal changes found by optician

26
Q

what are some microvascular complications of untreated diabetes?

A

chronic hyperglycaemia from untreated diabetes can cause:

  • retinopathy
  • neuropathy
  • nephropathy
27
Q

what are some macrovascular complications that may occur in untreated diabetes?

A
  • MI/ACS
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease
28
Q

what is HbA1c?

A

-it’s your average blood glucose levels over a certain period of time

29
Q

How is HbA1C measure?

A

using continuous glucose monitoring

30
Q

what mmol/mol rise is there in ebery 1% of Hba1c?

A

11mmol/mol increase

31
Q

if HbA1c goes from 8% at 64mmol/mol to 9% what would the mmol/mol of the HbA1c be?

A

75mmol/mol

Endocrine (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions