Diabetes

Question 1

What is basal insulin (name- length of action)

Answer 1

Long acting insulin- Glargine

Question 2

What is bolus insulin (name- length of action)

Answer 2

Short acting insulin- Aspart

Question 3

ADRs of insulin (subcutaneous)

Answer 3

Lipodystrophy- rotate site on injection

Question 4

Biguanide example

Answer 4

Metformin (oral)

Question 5

Biguanide e.g. Metformin MoA

Answer 5

Inhibits gluconeogenesis --> decrease hepatic glucose 
surpresses apeptite (weight loss)

Question 6

Biguanide e.g. Metformin DDI

Answer 6

ACEi, Diuretics, NSAIDS (reduce renal function)

Question 7

Biguandie e.g. Metformin Warnings

Answer 7

Poor kidney function (excreted via kidneys)

Question 8

Sulfonylurea example

Answer 8

Gliclazide

Question 9

Sulphonylurea e.g. gliclazide MoA

Answer 9

Blocks ATP dependent K channel –> membrane depolarisation –> stimulates insulin production (pancreatic B cells)

Question 10

Sulphonylurea ADR

Answer 10

weight gain (insulin is anabolic)

Question 11

Common ADRs of hypoglycaemic agents

Answer 11

Hypoglycaemia

GI upset

Question 12

Glitazones example

Answer 12

Pioglitazone

Question 13

Glitazones MoA

Answer 13

activates PPAR-y which decreases hepatic glucose output

increases insulin sensitisation in muscle and adipose

Question 14

Glitazones ADR

Answer 14

Bladder cancer
weight gain
fracture risk

Question 15

Glitazones warning

Answer 15

Heart failure- fluid retention (unknown why)

Question 16

Glifozins MoA

Answer 16

Competitive reversible SGLT-2 inhibitor in tubule –> decrease glucose reabsorption

Question 17

Glifozins example

Answer 17

Dapagliflozin

Question 18

Glifozins ADR

Answer 18

UTI
Thirst (hypotension/ hypovolaemia)
Polyuria

Question 19

Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) example

Answer 19

Sitagliptin

Question 20

Gliptins MoA

Answer 20

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Inhibitor, prevents degradation of incretin e.g. GLP1 (stimulates pancrease to release insulin) –> increase insulin release

Question 21

Gliptins additional MoA

Answer 21

Supress apeptite

Lower hypoglycaemic risk as it does not stimulate insluin release at normal blood glucose

Question 22

Gliptins ADR

Answer 22

Pancreatitis

Question 23

GLP-1 receptor agonists example

Answer 23

Exenatide

Question 24

GLP-1 receptor agonists MoA

Answer 24

acitvate GLP1 receptors –> increase insulin secretion from B cells