Development

Question 1

Low levels of maternal fatty acids in utero

Answer 1

lead to slowed fetal brain development.

Question 2

When is object permanence?

Answer 2

8 months . Object Permanence = Object PEEKABOO

Question 3

When does baby stand alone? When does baby sit alone?

Answer 3

8 months , 6 months

Question 4

When does joint attention happen (responding to pointing)?

Answer 4

9-12 months

Question 5

On average, when does walking occur?

Answer 5

12 months

Question 6

When does first word occur? Two word sentences? Three word sentences?

Answer 6

12 months , 18 months , 24 months

Question 7

When does mental or symbolic reasoning occur (correct block in hole)?

Answer 7

18-24 months . Can also point to one body part.

Question 8

When does make-believe play happen?

Answer 8

2 years old

Question 9

What age is Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

Answer 9

2 years old

Question 10

What age can they stand on one foot? Hop on one foot?

Answer 10

3, 4

Question 11

When is the Phallic stage?

Answer 11

3-6 years old.

Question 12

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

1) age
2) milestone

Answer 12

1) birth-2 years

2) object permanence and stranger anxiety at 8 months

Question 13

Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

1) age
2) milestone

Answer 13

1) 2-7 yo

2) symbolic play and mental trial and error at 2 yo. Decentration at 4 yo (taking someone else’s point of view).

Question 14

Piaget’s Operational Stage

1) age
2) milestone

Answer 14

1) 7 years to adolescence

2) Problem solving of concrete problems. Conservation of mass, inductive reasoning (from specific to general).

Question 15

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

1) age
2) milestone

Answer 15

1) Adolescence +
2) Deductive reasoning (general to specific)
, abstract thinking, hypothesis formation .

Question 16

What is Theory of Mind development?

Answer 16

The ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intentions, desires, knowledge, etc ) to onself and others, and to understand that others have beliefs that are different from one’s own. At 4 yo, child may realize that some beliefs can be false.

Question 17

Freud’s Oral Phase

1) Age
2) What’s happening?

Answer 17

1) Birth to 1 year

2) mouth is most sensitive body region. Auto-erotic or self stimulating activities.

Question 18

Freud’s Anal Phase

1) Age
2) What’s happening?

Answer 18

1) 1-3 years old

2) Anal mucosa are erotgenized. Ambivalene over holding and letting go of feces. Controlling and clinging behaviors.

Question 19

Freud’s Phallic Phase

1) Age
2) What’s happening?

Answer 19

1) 3-6 years , the Oedipal phase

2) Focus on genitals, hostility towards self sex parent, sexual and aggressive urges, exhibitionistic and possessive.

Question 20

Freud’s Latency Phase

1) Age
2) What’s happening ?

Answer 20

1) 6 years to puberty

2) Urges are dormant/defended against. Resolution of the Oedipus complex. Development of superego.

Question 21

Freud’s Genital Phase

1) Age
2) What’s happening?

Answer 21

1) puberty to death

2) Masturing sexuality and achieving independence.

Question 22

Mahler’s Object Constancy, and ‘objects’

Answer 22

completion of stage, child accepts separation from parents.

Objects provide comfort and support to the child.

Question 23

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Answer 23

Attachment is a developmental process where children seek proximity to a familiar person (attachment figure). Attachment behaviors are triggered when child is in an uncomfortable situation.

Question 24

What did Mary Ainsworth and Mary Main do?

Answer 24

Strange Situation of a 12-18 month old in which a parent and stranger come and go out of a room.

Question 25

What is the secure attachment?

Answer 25

Strange Situation scenario. Child is distressed at mother’s departure and quiets on reunion. They avoid the stranger when alone but are friendly to the stranger when mother is present.

Question 26

What is the ambivalent attachment?

Answer 26

Strange situation scenario. Chld is distressed at mother’s departure but is also reluctant to warm up to her upon reunion. Remains fearful of the stranger.

Question 27

What is the avoidant attachment?

Answer 27

Strange situation scenario. Child with little visible response at mother’s departure or at reunion. Mther and stranger equally able to comfort the child.

Question 28

What is the disorganized attachment ?

Answer 28

Strange situation scenario? Child displays sterotypies (freezing or rocking) , confusion, or apprehension upon mother’s return. (lacks coherent coping strategy).

Question 29

What is solitary play?

Answer 29

Children play alon when in a room filled with other children

Question 30

What is parallel play?

Answer 30

Children engaged in same activity next to each other, but not directly interacting.

Question 31

What is associative play?

Answer 31

Children playing a game together but not working together

Question 32

What is cooperative play ?

Answer 32

Children working together.

Question 33

What is gender constancy, and when does it occur?

Answer 33

Ability to consistently differentiate genders, should happen by age 2.

Question 34

When does gender identity happen?

Answer 34

Age 2-3.

Question 35

What is the gender role?

Answer 35

outward expression of gender identity, may not be well defined until age 5.

Question 36

Guidelines on media use

Answer 36

1-2 hours/day. Discourage kids than 2 from viewing TV. Remove TV from bedrooms. Programs should be educational with no sex or violence.

Question 37

Understanding death by age

1) 0-3
2) 3-6
3) 6-12
4) 13+

Answer 37

1) no understanding
2) reversible (body stopped working)
3) most understand finality, fascinated by body and what happens during injury
4) similar to adults, grief and sense of loss.

Question 38

Which hormone initiates puberty in a pulsatile manner?, and where does it come from?

Answer 38

Pulses GnRH are released by the hypothalamus. This leads for the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. This leads to gonadal maturation , resulting in the release of gonadal hormones estrogen and testosterone. This leads to ovulation adn spermaotgenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 39

Adrenarche

Answer 39

activation of adrenal glands that happens in puberty which leads to an increase in sweating, body odor, acne, skin oiliness.

Question 40

Female tanner stage hallmarks

1) When does puberty start (tanner stage 2)
2) When does growth spurt start?
3) When is menarche?

Answer 40

1) 9-11 yo
2) 11-12, tanner stage III instead of IV like in boys.
3) 12-14, 90% have achieved. Tanner stage IV

Question 41

Male tanner stage hallmarks

1) When is spermarche (age and tanner stage?)
2) When is the growth spurt?

Answer 41

1) Tanner stage III (12-14) unlike menarche being IV

2) Tanner stage IV (14-15), unlike girls occurring during stage III.

Question 42

When is avg onset of menopause?

Answer 42

45-48, caused by cessation of ovarian estrogen production

Question 43

What is andropause?

Answer 43

gradual reduction of testosterone in men, starting in middle age. Leads to decreased muscle mass, decreased bone dsenity, increased insulin resistance, and decreased sex drive.

Question 44

When does bereavement turn into depressive episode?

Answer 44

2 months

Question 45

What is ‘masked depression?’

Answer 45

Syndrome of depression is masked by multiple neurovegetative signs and somatic complaints, often after bereavement.

Question 46

When does baby sit up by?

Answer 46

6 months