Development Flashcards
Low levels of maternal fatty acids in utero
lead to slowed fetal brain development.
When is object permanence?
8 months . Object Permanence = Object PEEKABOO
When does baby stand alone? When does baby sit alone?
8 months , 6 months
When does joint attention happen (responding to pointing)?
9-12 months
On average, when does walking occur?
12 months
When does first word occur? Two word sentences? Three word sentences?
12 months , 18 months , 24 months
When does mental or symbolic reasoning occur (correct block in hole)?
18-24 months . Can also point to one body part.
When does make-believe play happen?
2 years old
What age is Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?
2 years old
What age can they stand on one foot? Hop on one foot?
3, 4
When is the Phallic stage?
3-6 years old.
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
1) age
2) milestone
1) birth-2 years
2) object permanence and stranger anxiety at 8 months
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
1) age
2) milestone
1) 2-7 yo
2) symbolic play and mental trial and error at 2 yo. Decentration at 4 yo (taking someone else’s point of view).
Piaget’s Operational Stage
1) age
2) milestone
1) 7 years to adolescence
2) Problem solving of concrete problems. Conservation of mass, inductive reasoning (from specific to general).
Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
1) age
2) milestone
1) Adolescence +
2) Deductive reasoning (general to specific)
, abstract thinking, hypothesis formation .
What is Theory of Mind development?
The ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intentions, desires, knowledge, etc ) to onself and others, and to understand that others have beliefs that are different from one’s own. At 4 yo, child may realize that some beliefs can be false.
Freud’s Oral Phase
1) Age
2) What’s happening?
1) Birth to 1 year
2) mouth is most sensitive body region. Auto-erotic or self stimulating activities.
Freud’s Anal Phase
1) Age
2) What’s happening?
1) 1-3 years old
2) Anal mucosa are erotgenized. Ambivalene over holding and letting go of feces. Controlling and clinging behaviors.
Freud’s Phallic Phase
1) Age
2) What’s happening?
1) 3-6 years , the Oedipal phase
2) Focus on genitals, hostility towards self sex parent, sexual and aggressive urges, exhibitionistic and possessive.
Freud’s Latency Phase
1) Age
2) What’s happening ?
1) 6 years to puberty
2) Urges are dormant/defended against. Resolution of the Oedipus complex. Development of superego.
Freud’s Genital Phase
1) Age
2) What’s happening?
1) puberty to death
2) Masturing sexuality and achieving independence.
Mahler’s Object Constancy, and ‘objects’
completion of stage, child accepts separation from parents.
Objects provide comfort and support to the child.
Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
Attachment is a developmental process where children seek proximity to a familiar person (attachment figure). Attachment behaviors are triggered when child is in an uncomfortable situation.
What did Mary Ainsworth and Mary Main do?
Strange Situation of a 12-18 month old in which a parent and stranger come and go out of a room.
What is the secure attachment?
Strange Situation scenario. Child is distressed at mother’s departure and quiets on reunion. They avoid the stranger when alone but are friendly to the stranger when mother is present.
What is the ambivalent attachment?
Strange situation scenario. Chld is distressed at mother’s departure but is also reluctant to warm up to her upon reunion. Remains fearful of the stranger.
What is the avoidant attachment?
Strange situation scenario. Child with little visible response at mother’s departure or at reunion. Mther and stranger equally able to comfort the child.
What is the disorganized attachment ?
Strange situation scenario? Child displays sterotypies (freezing or rocking) , confusion, or apprehension upon mother’s return. (lacks coherent coping strategy).
What is solitary play?
Children play alon when in a room filled with other children
What is parallel play?
Children engaged in same activity next to each other, but not directly interacting.
What is associative play?
Children playing a game together but not working together
What is cooperative play ?
Children working together.
What is gender constancy, and when does it occur?
Ability to consistently differentiate genders, should happen by age 2.
When does gender identity happen?
Age 2-3.
What is the gender role?
outward expression of gender identity, may not be well defined until age 5.
Guidelines on media use
1-2 hours/day. Discourage kids than 2 from viewing TV. Remove TV from bedrooms. Programs should be educational with no sex or violence.
Understanding death by age
1) 0-3
2) 3-6
3) 6-12
4) 13+
1) no understanding
2) reversible (body stopped working)
3) most understand finality, fascinated by body and what happens during injury
4) similar to adults, grief and sense of loss.
Which hormone initiates puberty in a pulsatile manner?, and where does it come from?
Pulses GnRH are released by the hypothalamus. This leads for the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH. This leads to gonadal maturation , resulting in the release of gonadal hormones estrogen and testosterone. This leads to ovulation adn spermaotgenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Adrenarche
activation of adrenal glands that happens in puberty which leads to an increase in sweating, body odor, acne, skin oiliness.
Female tanner stage hallmarks
1) When does puberty start (tanner stage 2)
2) When does growth spurt start?
3) When is menarche?
1) 9-11 yo
2) 11-12, tanner stage III instead of IV like in boys.
3) 12-14, 90% have achieved. Tanner stage IV
Male tanner stage hallmarks
1) When is spermarche (age and tanner stage?)
2) When is the growth spurt?
1) Tanner stage III (12-14) unlike menarche being IV
2) Tanner stage IV (14-15), unlike girls occurring during stage III.
When is avg onset of menopause?
45-48, caused by cessation of ovarian estrogen production
What is andropause?
gradual reduction of testosterone in men, starting in middle age. Leads to decreased muscle mass, decreased bone dsenity, increased insulin resistance, and decreased sex drive.
When does bereavement turn into depressive episode?
2 months
What is ‘masked depression?’
Syndrome of depression is masked by multiple neurovegetative signs and somatic complaints, often after bereavement.
When does baby sit up by?
6 months
