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Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology > Cumulative part of the Final > Flashcards

Cumulative part of the Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

What is the product of environment and what is the product of genetics?

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2
Q

Current Perspectives of Psychology

A

Neuroscience, Evolutionary, Behavior Genetics (nature v nurture), Psychodynamic (Freud), Behavioral, Cognitive, and Social-cultural

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3
Q

Psychologist

A

Treats, assesses, and treats people, researches

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4
Q

Psychiatrist

A

medical emphasis

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5
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe we would have seen the outcome

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6
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Examine, discern, evaluate, and assess info

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7
Q

Scientific method

A

Theory> hypothesis> testing> replication

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8
Q

Theory

A

Explanation that predicts behavior

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable prediction

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10
Q

Operational definition

A

Procedures used to define research variables

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11
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the study

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12
Q

Random sample

A

Everyone has an equal chance of being selected

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13
Q

Representative sample

A

Representative of the population

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14
Q

Case study

A

Study few individuals in great detail

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15
Q

Survey

A

More people with less detail

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16
Q

Wording effects

A

Need clear, unbiased wording

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17
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording info in a natural setting

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18
Q

Positive correlation

A

Both variables increase

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19
Q

Negative correlation

A

One variable increases while the other decreases

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20
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Believe there’s a relationship when there’s not

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21
Q

Experiment

A

Manipulate one variable and control for all others

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22
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assign people to groups

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is manipulated

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured

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25
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell

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26
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive incoming info

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27
Q

Axon

A

Passes info on

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28
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical charge starting at dendrites and leaving through axon

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29
Q

Treshold

A

All or none

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30
Q

Synapse

A

Space between neurons

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31
Q

Vesicles

A

Release neurotransmitters

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32
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical that cross synapses

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33
Q

Acetycholene

A

Go from motor neurons to muscle

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34
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural Pain killer

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35
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

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36
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenaline

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37
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain and nerves

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38
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

PNS

A

Rest of nervous system

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40
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Transmits sensory input and directs voluntary motor output

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41
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Automatic things

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42
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses body

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43
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms body down

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44
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Bring in sensory info

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45
Q

Interneurons

A

In CNS, communicate internally

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46
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Relay instructions, cause reactions

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47
Q

Brainstem

A

Reticular formation, medulla, cerebellum, and thalamus

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48
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heart and breathing

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49
Q

Thalamus

A

Passes info from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex

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50
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Connects the spinal cord to the thalamus and controls arousal and sleep

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51
Q

Cerebellum

A

Base of the brain which controls voluntary motor movement and balance

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52
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects hemispheres

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53
Q

Limbic System

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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54
Q

Amygdala

A

Controls agression and fear

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55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below thalamus, Regulates pituitary gland temperature, thirst, and pleasure

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56
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

All lobes

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57
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Front of brain, Planning, decision making, personality

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58
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Base of brain, visual info

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59
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory info

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60
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Association areas

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61
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Sends outgoing messages for motor movement

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62
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Receives sensory input from body

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63
Q

Association Areas

A

Routes info to the correct parts of the brain

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64
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

Ability of brain to modify itself after damage

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65
Q

Split Brain

A

Cut corpus callosum

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66
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Genetics and environment on behavior

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67
Q

Twin Studies

A

Study identical twins separated at birth

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68
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Study evolution on psychology

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69
Q

Natural Selection

A

Superior traits passed on

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70
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of self and environment

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71
Q

Selective Attention

A

Attention focused on small part of incoming stimuli

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72
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Internal biologica clock

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73
Q

Sleep Stages

A

Awake, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, REM

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74
Q

Sleep cycles

A

10/90 minutes of sleep is REM

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75
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems falling and staying asleep

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76
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Bizarre periodic lapses directly into REM

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77
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Stop breathing while sleeping momentarily

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78
Q

Night terrors

A

Immense terror during sleep, no plot, no memory

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79
Q

Manifest content

A

Story line

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80
Q

Latent content

A

Underlying meaning

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81
Q

Hypnosis

A

Induced temporary state of heightened suggestibility

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82
Q

Dissociation

A

Split consciousness

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83
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

Takes more of drug to get desired effect

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84
Q

Physical Dependence

A

Physiological need for the drug; pain and cravings

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85
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Need the drug to feel a certain way

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86
Q

Addiction

A

When someone physically needs the drug

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87
Q

Withdrawal

A

Discomfort and distress experienced when someone stops taking a drug

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88
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that affect the Nervous System

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89
Q

Depressants

A

Slow system down; Alcohol, barbiturates, Opiates

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90
Q

Stimulants

A

Excite system; meth, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstacy

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91
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Perception without stimulation; Marijuana and LSD

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92
Q

Alcohol

A

Slows reactions, lowers inhibitions, makes sleepy

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93
Q

Barbiturates

A

Tranquilizer, impairs memory

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94
Q

Opiates

A

Opium, morphine, heroin, painkillers, OD stop breathing, addictive

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95
Q

Meth

A

Triggers dopamine release

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96
Q

Caffeine

A

Increases energy, widely used, tolerance and withdrawal

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97
Q

Nicotine

A

Addictive, tolerance, releases epinephrine, endorphins, and norepinephrine, energy boost, makes alert and calm

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98
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, euphoric rush, crash, aggression, crack is more intense

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99
Q

Ecstacy (MDMA)

A

Hallucinogen and stimulant, blocks re-uptake of serotonin, 3-4 hr high, increase in feelings of intimacy, permanently damages serotonin production, permanent memory damage

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100
Q

Marijuana

A

Amplifies sensations, not physically addictive, but psychologically, interferes with memory formation, stays in system for a week

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101
Q

LSD

A

Blocks serotonin, expectations influence experience, shapes to out of body experience, low oxygen intake

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102
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Drowsing off

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103
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

Small bursts of brain activity; spindles

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104
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

Deep sleep; sleep walking, bed wetting

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105
Q

REM

A

Actively dreaming, body paralyzed

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106
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies change through the lifespan

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107
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Vulnerable to teratogens, embryo to fetus etc

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108
Q

Maturation

A

Orderly sequence of biological growth

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109
Q

Critical period

A

Optimal period when exposure produces normal development

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110
Q

Cognition

A

Thinking, knowing and remembering

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111
Q

Assimilation

A

Putting new experiences into existing schemas

112
Q

Piagets’ stages

A

Stages of Abstract thinking

113
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to see things from others’ POV

114
Q

Object Permanence

A

Realize objects don’t cease to exist when removed from sight

115
Q

Conservation

A

Objects retain same volume in different containers

116
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional tie with another, important to children

117
Q

Imprinting

A

Animals form attachments during critical pd

118
Q

Temperament

A

General disposition

119
Q

Adolescence

A

Sexual maturity-Achievement of independent adult status

120
Q

Puberty

A

Reaching sexual maturity

121
Q

Morality Development

A

3 Stages of moral thinking

122
Q

Social Clock

A

Cultural perception of the right age to do something

123
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to learn

124
Q

Cognitive aging

A

Get older, worse cognition but more experience

125
Q

Preconventional level

A

Self interest- avoid punishment and gain reward

126
Q

Conventional level

A

Law and social cues- gain approval and follow rules

127
Q

Post-conventional level

A

Affirm agreed upon rights and act on personal ethical principles

128
Q

Trust v mistrust

A

0-1; basic trust

129
Q

Autonomy v shame and doubt

A

1-3; do things for themselves or doubt abilities

130
Q

Initiative v guilt

A

3-6; Initiate tasks or feel guilty about trying yo be independent

131
Q

Competence v inferiority

A

6-puberty; apply self or feel inferior

132
Q

ID v role confusion

A

teen-20s; Refine sense of self or become confused

133
Q

Intimacy v isolation

A

20s-40s; Form relationships or get isolated

134
Q

Generativity v stagnation

A

40s-60s; Contribution to world or lack purpose

135
Q

Integrity v despair

A

60s+; Satisfaction or failure looking back on life

136
Q

Gender

A

Social/cultural aspect of being male/female

137
Q

Gender roles

A

Outward expression of gender based on cultural expectations

138
Q

Gender ID

A

Personal sense of being male/female

139
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Enduring sexual attraction towards members of a particular gender

140
Q

Gender Typing

A

Child’s learning of his/her culture’s gender roles

141
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Children are reinforced for gender appropriate behavior

142
Q

Cognitive Schemas

A

Concepts/ mental categories

143
Q

Developmental Sequence

A

ID gender age 2; gender permanent age 4-7; Older we get the less we stereotype

144
Q

Biological origens of sexual orientation

A

All biological, no evidence for environmental influences

145
Q

Prenatal influence of sexual orientation

A

Certain hormones predispose attraction to men

146
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

Men with older brothers are more likely to be homosexual

147
Q

Evolutionary perspective on gender differences in sexuality

A

Women have limited fertility, more cautious with casual sex

148
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

Needs and desires combine with incentives to make a drive which directs behavior which makes homeostasis

149
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Some needs must be met before others

150
Q

Hunger

A

Hypothalamus controls hunger, we have a set point that keeps us around the same weight

151
Q

Obesity

A

Extreme body weight; 65% Americans are overweight

152
Q

Weight Control

A

Fat cells do not go away, only shrink; genetic role; must be active, avoid externals, etc..

153
Q

Ostracism

A

Social Exclusion

154
Q

Achievement motivation

A

Desire for accomplishment/ maintaining high standards

155
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivated internally, do it because you want to

156
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Motivated externally, do it because you have to

157
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Physiological arousal important for emotion. Stimuli>arousal>emotion

158
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Stimuli>arousal and emotion

159
Q

Schacter and Singer Two-Factor Theory

A

Stimuli> arousal and label>emotion

160
Q

Arousal and Lie Detection

A

Guilt causes arousal, but not accurate because other emotions also trigger arousal

161
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Facial expressions are universal, but gestures are not

162
Q

Facial Expression and empathy

A

Feel what others feel, mimicking facial expressions can trigger the emotions

163
Q

Motivation

A

Need/want that energizes/directs behavior

164
Q

Need

A

Physiological deprivation

165
Q

Want/desire

A

Innate human tendency

166
Q

Drive

A

Activated State

167
Q

Homeostasis

A

Normal resting state

168
Q

Incentives

A

External stimulator that can activate us

169
Q

Process

A

Incentives trigger needs/wants

170
Q

Fundamental Attribution error

A

Attribute our behavior to the situation but others’ behaviors to their personality

171
Q

Attitudes

A

Affect and are affected by actions

172
Q

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

A

Small favor helps people agree to larger request

173
Q

Roles and Zimbardo’s Prison Study

A

Behaviors when you are in a role change your beliefs. Believe what you act out

174
Q

Obedience and Milgram’s Study

A

Most people would shock someone to death to obey

175
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Presence of others can improve performance in tasks you are good at

176
Q

Social Loafing

A

Individuals put in less effort for group tasks

177
Q

Deindividualization

A

No longer ID as an individual, just part of the crowd

178
Q

Group Polarization

A

If everyone in the group thinks the same way, the thoughts are strengthened

179
Q

Groupthink

A

Think it’s better for everyone to agree than for an individual to decide; can lead to harmonious but stupid decisions

180
Q

Prejudice

A

Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members

181
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative behavior based on prejudices

182
Q

Ingroup vs Outgroup. Ingroup bias

A

Favor members of one’s own group

183
Q

Just world Phenomenon

A

Idea that people get what they deserve

184
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior intended to hurt and destroy

185
Q

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A

More likely to aggress when frustrated

186
Q

Attraction

A

Likelihood of developing a relationship

187
Q

Mere-exposure effect

A

Familiarity breed fondness

188
Q

Similarity

A

Opposites do not attract

189
Q

Halo effect

A

Attractive people are more likely to be seen as the outside reflecting the inside and tend to be favored

190
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

191
Q

Bystander effect

A

When others are present, feelings of responsibility are diminished

192
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

193
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learn to associate two events on right after the other

194
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Conditioned responses

195
Q

Pavlov

A

Dogs and salivation

196
Q

Unconditioned

A

Innate

197
Q

Conditioned

A

Learned

198
Q

Stimulus

A

Something in environment

199
Q

Response

A

Behavior in presence of stimulus

200
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focus on underlying principles that guide behavior

201
Q

Extinction

A

Present CS w/o US a lot, CR will stop

202
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

After extinction, present CS after rest period, CR will return

203
Q

Generalization

A

Weaker response to similar stimuli

204
Q

Discrimination

A

Train to only respond to one stimulus, no generalization

205
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Reinforcing behavior

206
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforces gradual actions

207
Q

Reinforcement

A

Event that increases behavior

208
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Need

209
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Associated with primary reinforcer

210
Q

Partial Reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcer sometimes

211
Q

Continuous Reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcer every time

212
Q

Interval Reinforcement schedule

A

Amount of time

213
Q

Ratio Reinforcement schedule

A

Number of times

214
Q

Fixed Reinforcement schedule

A

Same amounts

215
Q

Variable Reinforcement schedule

A

Random amounts

216
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases frequency of behavior

217
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

218
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive

219
Q

Modelling

A

Learn by watching others

220
Q

Recall

A

On the spot generation info

221
Q

Recognition

A

ID correct info

222
Q

Relearning

A

If you learned and forgot it, you learn it faster the second time

223
Q

Encoding

A

Getting info in the memory system

224
Q

Storage

A

Retaining info

225
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting info back

226
Q

Sensory memory

A

Pre-sensation, extremely brief

227
Q

Short-term memory

A

Current consciousness

228
Q

Long-term memory

A

Unlimited info storage

229
Q

Working memory

A

Processing incoming short term memory and info from long term memory

230
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Automatically processed, location, time, frequency

231
Q

Effortful processing

A

Have to put in an effort

232
Q

Implicit memory

A

Know that we know

233
Q

Explicit memory

A

Perform action skillfully without being aware

234
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition

235
Q

Mnemonics

A

Study aide

236
Q

Chunking

A

7+-2 chunks of info

237
Q

Iconic memory

A

Momentary visual memory

238
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Triggered by emotion, perfectly clear

239
Q

Echoic memory

A

Momentary auditory memory

240
Q

Priming

A

When you ID a an associated idea that leads you to related info

241
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are congruent with one’s mood

242
Q

Serial position effect

A

Remember things at the beginning and end better

243
Q

Forgetting

A

Inability to recall info

244
Q

Amnesia

A

Forgetting certain info

245
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old blocks new

246
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New blocks old

247
Q

Memory construction

A

We construct some memories and cannot differentiate from what is real and fake

248
Q

Improving memory

A

Practice, study in breaks, mnemonics, etc…

249
Q

Prototype

A

Best example of a group

250
Q

Algorithms

A

Step by step systematic approach

251
Q

Heuristics

A

Cognitive short cuts

252
Q

Insight

A

Sudden flash of inspiration

253
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Look only for info that confirms what we believe

254
Q

Fixation

A

Can’t stop looking at a problem in one way

255
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Show lack of creativity about the function an object

256
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Judgement based on availability of info in our memory

257
Q

Overconfidence

A

Overestimating accuracy of current knowledge

258
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to cling to our beliefs

259
Q

Framing

A

Present same info in different ways

260
Q

Components of creativity

A

Expertise, Imagination, Venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, supportive environment

261
Q

Language

A

Spoken, written, gestured way we communicate

262
Q

Stages of language development

A

Babbling (4 months), 1 word (1 yr), 2 words, (2 yrs), Sentences

263
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language

264
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language expression

265
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Controls language reception

266
Q

Animal thinking/language

A

Communicate without grammar

267
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Language shapes how we think

268
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to learn, solve problems, and use knowledge

269
Q

General intelligence

A

One underlying factor for intelligence

270
Q

Gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

Language, logical/math, music, kinesthetic (Athlete), spacial reasoning, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

271
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

Analytic, Creative, and practical

272
Q

Standardization of intelligence tests

A

Test a large representation of group

273
Q

Reliability of intelligence tests

A

Generally consistent scores across more than one administration

274
Q

Validity of intelligence tests

A

Does it measure what it was meant to?

275
Q

Genetic influences on intelligence

A

Related people score similarly

276
Q

Environmental influences on intelligence

A

Education

277
Q

Bias in intelligent testing

A

Cultural background

Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology (14 decks)

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