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Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of psychology; established first scientific laboratory

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1
Q

Introspection

A

Careful self examination and reporting conscious experiences(looking inward)

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

Uses introspection to reveal mind structure

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3
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Founded structuralism

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4
Q

William James

A

Functionalism

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Focuses on functions of behavior

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology should limit itself to the study of observable behavior

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7
Q

John B Watson

A

Founder of behaviorism

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8
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments, behaviorism

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9
Q

Behavior genetics perspective

A

Genes and environmental influence people

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10
Q

Evolutional perspective

A

Focuses on natural selection and behavior

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11
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Focuses on how we encode, process, and store info

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12
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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13
Q

Sociocultural influences

A

Peers, culture, society

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14
Q

Research samples

A

Need to be broadly representative of populations to which they wish to generalize their findings

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15
Q

Positive psychology

A

Emphasizes human virtues and assets, rather than weaknesses and deficits

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16
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

evaluate and treat individuals with mental or psychological disorders

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17
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

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18
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1st female APA president

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19
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman in the U.S. to earn a PhD in psychology, 2nd APA female president

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable prediction

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21
Q

Theory

A

Explanation that predicts behavior/ events

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22
Q

Variable

A

Factor or measure that varies within an experiment or among individuals

23
Q

Replication

A

Attempt to duplicate findings

24
Q

Case study method

A

In-depth study of one or more individuals

25
Q

Survey method

A

Structured interviews or questionnaires are used to gather information about groups of people

26
Q

Population

A

All individuals in the ground being studied

27
Q

Random sampling

A

Each individual on the population has an equal chance of being selected

28
Q

Naturalistic observation method

A

Careful observations of behavior in natural settings

29
Q

Experimental method

A

Manipulation of independent variables and observation or measurement of their effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions

30
Q

Independent variables

A

Factors manipulated in an experiment

31
Q

Dependent variables

A

Effects or outcomes of an experiment

32
Q

Control groups

A

Do not receive experimental treatment or intervention

33
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control groups

34
Q

Placebo effects

A

Positive outcomes resulting from a participant’s positive expectations about the treatment rather than the treatment itself

35
Q

Single-blind studies

A

Subjects are kept uninformed about whether they are receiving the experimental drug or the placebo

36
Q

Double-blind studies

A

Both participants and experimenters are kept uninformed about which participants are receiving the active drug and which are receiving the placebo

37
Q

Informed consent

A

Agreement to participate in a study following disclosure of information about the purposes and nature of the study

38
Q

Psychologists must protect what?

A

The confidentiality of participants

39
Q

Psychology

A

Study of behavior and mental processes

40
Q

Psychological influences

A

Fears, emotions, perceptions

41
Q

Biological influences

A

Genes, brain, hormones

42
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Behavior from unconscious drives and conflicts

43
Q

Neuroscience perspective

A

How body and brain enable emotions, memories, and experiences

44
Q

Debrief

A

Explanation after experiment

45
Q

basic research

A

Aims to increase scientific knowledge

46
Q

applied research

A

Aims to solve practical problems

47
Q

positive psychology

A

Goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues

48
Q

hindsight bias

A

Believing you would have foreseen the results after knowing the outcome

49
Q

critical thinking

A

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, assesses conclusions, etc…

50
Q

SQ3R

A

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

51
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factor other than independent variable that might affect the experiment

52
Q

Operational definition

A

Statement used to define research variables

52
Q

Positive correlation

A

Direct relationship; increase together

52
Q

Negative correlation

A

Inverse relationship; one increases, other decreases

52
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Index of relationship between two things; -1 to +1

52
Q

Experimental group

A

Those exposed to treatment

Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology (14 decks)

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