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Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology > Chapters 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapters 7 and 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

What are the underlying principles that guide learning

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learn to associate two events when they occur one right after the other

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning to behave a certain way with a certain stimulus

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5
Q

Pavlov’s original experiments

A

Working on how dogs salivate

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6
Q

Conditioned

A

learned

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7
Q

Unconditioned

A

Automatic/innate

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

Something in the environment

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9
Q

Response

A

Behavior the organism does when the stimulus is present

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Present CS w/o US repeatedly, CS stops

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After extinction, present CS after rest period, triggers CR

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12
Q

Generalization

A

Weaker response to a similar stimulus

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

Can train to only respond to stimulus trained on, gets rid of generalization

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14
Q

Biology in classical conditioning

A

We are prepared to make certain associations

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15
Q

Cognition in classical conditioning

A

Thinking can lessen association

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16
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcing behavior

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17
Q

Skinner Box

A

Box with lever, food dispenser, and electrical floor

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18
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcements that gradually guide actions toward a desired behavior

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19
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any event that increases the frequency of behavior

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20
Q

Positive

A

Adding something to the situation

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21
Q

Negative

A

Taking something away

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22
Q

Primary

A

Innately important to learner

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23
Q

Secondary

A

Have to learn, associated with primary reinforcer (i.e. money)

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24
Q

Immediate

A

Happens immediately to the learner

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25
Q

Delayed

A

Some period of time before reinforcement

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26
Q

Continuous

A

Response is reinforced every time

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27
Q

Partial

A

Give reinforcement only sometimes

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28
Q

Is partial or continuous learned and unlearned quickly?

A

Continuous

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29
Q

Fixed interval

A

Same amount of time

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30
Q

Variable interval

A

Unpredictable amount of time

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31
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Same number of times

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32
Q

Variable ratio

A

Unpredictable number of times

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33
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases frequency of behavior (positive or negative)

34
Q

Biology in operant conditioning

A

Easiest to learn to associate behaviors that help you to survive

35
Q

Cognition in operant conditioning

A

Still learn and think without reinforcement

36
Q

Bandura’s work

A

Bobo doll (TV)- kids who saw violence towards the doll played with it violently

37
Q

Observational learning

A

modelling

38
Q

Applications of observational learning

A

Gets rid of phobias

39
Q

Memory

A

Ability to store and retrieve information that has been learned

40
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Perfectly clear memory triggered by emotion

41
Q

Clive

A

Hippocampus destroyed, cannot remember/process new things

42
Q

S

A

Amazing memory, memorize by associating with place

43
Q

Normal memory

A

remember meaning not detail

44
Q

Information processing model

A

Encoding>StoringRetrieving

45
Q

Encoding

A

Getting info into the memory system

46
Q

Things Automatically processed

A

Space/location; Time; Frequency

47
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Have to put in a conscious effort

48
Q

Spacing effect

A

Space out studying and come back to it several times to remember better

49
Q

Serial position effect

A

Remember things a the beginning and end better

50
Q

Time spent

A

More=better

51
Q

Chunking

A

(7-+2) Remember significant chunks better (Phone #, SSN)

52
Q

Mnemonics

A

Study aides

53
Q

Hierarchies

A

General topics are broken into more specific ones (textbook)

54
Q

Meaningful

A

Personally relevant

55
Q

Forgetting due to encoding

A

Encoding failure

56
Q

Storage

A

Retaining

57
Q

Sensory memory

A

Pre-sensation, extremely brief

58
Q

Iconic memory

A

Momentary visual sensory memory

59
Q

How long is an iconic memory

A

1/20 sec

60
Q

Echoic memory

A

Momentary auditory sensory memory

61
Q

How long is an echoic memory

A

3-4 sec

62
Q

Short term memory

A

Current consciousness

63
Q

Capacity of short term memory

A

7-+2

64
Q

Duration of short term memory

A

30 sec

65
Q

Long term memory capacity and duration

A

none

66
Q

Neurotransmitters and hormones

A

More hormones= more neurotransmitters firing

67
Q

Explicit/ declarative memory

A

Consciously know that we know (facts, dates, names, experiences)

68
Q

Where is explicit memory controlled?

A

Hippocampus and frontal lobe

69
Q

Implicit/ procedural memory

A

Perform action skillfully w/o being aware

70
Q

Where is implicit memory controlled?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

71
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting info back

72
Q

Recall

A

On the spot generation of info

73
Q

recognition

A

ID correct info

74
Q

Relearning

A

Knew it, forgot it, learn faster second time

75
Q

Priming

A

When you ID an associated idea that leads you to related info

76
Q

Context

A

Remember info better if you are in the same situation

77
Q

Interference

A

Info in memory system is being blocked by something related

78
Q

Proactive/ forward interference

A

Old blocks new

79
Q

Retroactive/ backward interference

A

New blocks old

80
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Fred’s idea, want to forget certain (painful) memories (this is a false concept)

81
Q

Memory construction

A

We construct our memories but can distinguish when we’ve altered our memories

Psy 201: Myers' Exploring Psychology (14 decks)

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