Chapter 4 Flashcards
Continuity vs stages
What parts of development are gradual, and when there are abrupt changes
Stability vs changes
What traits are stable and which show a lot of change
Maturation
Orderly sequence of biological growth
Teratogen
Harmful environmental substance during pregnancy
Reflexes
Genetically based behaviors
Rooting reflex
When cheek is stroked, infant will turn his head in that direction and opens his mouth
Sucking reflex
Something is placed by the mouth, infant will suck
Grasping reflex
When the palm is touched, infant makes a fist
Moro/ startle reflex
When infant is dropped, he will fling out his arms and legs and spread his fingers and toes
Walking reflex
When the infant’s weight is supported, he will move his legs and feet in a walking motion
Schema
concept/ way to organize information
Stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete-operational
Formal operational
Sensorimotor
Discovering the world using developing senses and motor skills
When is the sensorimotor stage?
Birth- 2 years
Pre-operational
Egocentrism, play pretend, use symbols
When is the pre-operational stage?
2-7
Egocentrism
Cannot take another’s point of view
Concrete-operational
Math, thinking logically, conservation
When is the concrete-operational stage?
7-11
Conservation
Something maintains its amount even if the shape changes
Formal operational
Abstract thought, moral reasoning
When is the formal operational stage?
11-adulthood
Attachment
Emotional bond of love and security in infancy
Familiarity in infants
Prefer familiar faces
Body contact in infants
Prefer body contact
Parental Responsiveness is important for what?
Infant security
Secure attachment
Tend to be more confident, outgoing, enthusiastic, persistent, and responsive
Emotional deprivation
Abnormal development, didn’t socially connect with people
Adolescence
Sexual maturity to achievement of adult status
Piaget’s formal operations
Abstract thinking
Kohlberg’s moral thinking
Stages of moral thinking
Levels of moral thinking
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post-conventional
Pre-conventional
Morality of self-interest
Conventional
Morality of laws and social rules
Post-conventional
More complex morality
Pre-conventional stages
Avoid punishment
Gain reward
Conventional stages
Gain approval
Follow rules
Post-conventional
Affirm agreed upon rights
Act on personal ethical principles
What are criticisms to the levels of moral thinking
Cannot predict behavior Experiments based on white, middle-class men
Who theorized social development
Erik Erikson
When is ID vs Role Confusion?
Adolescence
When is Intimacy vs Isolation?
Young Adulthood
When is emerging adulthood?
18-25
When is young adulthood?
25-40
When is middle adulthood?
40-65
When is late adulthood?
65+
Cognitive changes
Cognitive abilities decline with age, but experience increases
Cross-sectional research
Different people at different ages, all at the same point in time
Longitudinal research
Begin with a group of people at one ages, reexamine them at different ages
Midlife crisis
Pop culture thing; rare in real life
Social clock
Cultural prescription of the right age to do something
Two Dominant aspects of social development
love and work
love
establishing long term relationships
work
People are happier if they choose their own job
