CUE - Urbanisation: Counter-urbanisation

Question 1

What is the ‘Rural Turnaround’?

Answer 1

Social and demographic change in rural areas.

Question 2

4 things the rural turnaround involves

Answer 2

Outmigration of young village born adults seeking education and employment opportunities elsewhere.
Decline of the elderly village born population.
Inmigration of young to middle aged married couples or families with young children.
Inmigration of younger, more affluent people caused increased house prices.

Question 3

6 causes of counter-urbanisation

Answer 3

Escape air pollution, dirt and crime of urban environment.
Quiet, clean countryside with cheaper land and houses.
Car ownership and affluence allow people to commute.
Employers move out of cities.
Improvements in technology allows more freedom of location.
Rising demand for second homes and earlier retirement.

Question 4

6 impacts of counter-urbanisation

Answer 4

Modern housing estates built on edges of small settlements.
Industrial estates built on main roads leading into settlements.
Old properties are converted and modernised.
Former open areas are built on.
Tension between newcomers and locals.
Change in services.

Question 5

4 pieces of evidence for counter-urbanisation

Answer 5

Conversions of former farm buildings to exclusive residences.
Increased value of houses.
Increase in the use of a commuter railway station, including car parking for commuters.
Construction of more executive housing, often on newly designated building land, following the demolition of old properties.

Question 6

Land use of the rural urban fringe

Answer 6

Farming land
Transport links: main roads, motorway junction
Retail parks
Woodland, golf courses, reservoirs, greenfield land

Question 7

Characteristics of suburbanised villages

Answer 7

Shops, pubs, churches, schools, town hall
Farms
Bus route
Detached houses with big plot sizes

Question 8

Why do villages not have high schools?

Answer 8

They usually don’t have a large enough population to sustain a high school, and sometimes not even a primary school depending on the age of the population.

Question 9

What characteristics of an area make it a good place to be urbanised?

Answer 9

Railway - commuting access
Marsh provides green space - leisure opportunity
Open space - room for expansion
Flat land
Greenfield sites in the centre - minimise urban sprawl
Nor river with major flood risk

Question 10

Positive social impacts of counter-urbanisation on urban areas

Answer 10

Reduction of housing pressure in urban areas from which people move.

Question 11

Positive environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on urban areas

Answer 11

Reduction of congestion in urban areas from which people move.

Question 12

Negative social impacts of counter-urbanisation on urban areas

Answer 12

Deterioration of urban environment

Closure of schools and healthcare provision

Question 13

Negative economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on urban areas

Answer 13

Deterioration of urban environment

Downturn in spending in the local economy, businesses may be forced to close down

Question 14

Negative environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on urban areas

Answer 14

Deterioration of environment of not maintained, houses become rundown

Question 15

Positive social impacts of counter-urbanisation on suburbanised villages

Answer 15

Changes in cultural/ethnic mix causing greater diversity in the local community
Newer residents may have higher disposable income and support local service as keep them open

Question 16

Positive economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on suburbanised villages

Answer 16

Economic benefits to companies who locate in edge-of-town shopping areas and business parks.
Newer residents may have higher disposable income and support local services and keep them open.

Question 17

Negative social impacts of counter-urbanisation on suburbanised villages

Answer 17

Social conflict due to closure of local services, as newcomers have the wealth and mobility to use urban services, or due to locals being unable to compete for housing.
Increased land values and higher house prices.

Question 18

Negative economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on suburbanised villages

Answer 18

Increased land values, higher house prices. Locals may be unable to compete for housing, causing tension and conflict.
More commuting, increasing journey time and congestion with resulting economic impacts.
Increased populations of suburbanised villages causes increased costs for local councils e.g waste disposal services.

Question 19

Negative environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on suburbanised villages

Answer 19

new infrastructure and housing destroys habitats and disrupts local ecosystems.
Increased pressure on agricultural land for building and expansion
Improvements of infrastructure create impermeable surfaces, increasing the risk of flooding.
More commuting increases greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 20

What does the nature and extent of social change due to counterurbanisation depend on?

Answer 20

The rate of expansion and development.
Changes to age structures and income groups
Degree of disruption to existing communities

Question 21

What does the extent of economic change due to counterurbanisation depend on?

Answer 21

The degree to which local services are supported.

Whether employment patterns change.

Question 22

3 similarities between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation

Answer 22

Movement of people out of the inner city
People want to escape air pollution, decline and crime of inner city.
Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute.