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A Level Human Geography > CUE - Urbanisation: Consequences of urbanisation and urban growth > Flashcards

CUE - Urbanisation: Consequences of urbanisation and urban growth Flashcards

1
Q

What have the 3 strategies to tackle slum housing been?

A

Eradicate slums
Self-help or site and service schemes
Upgrading programmes

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2
Q

What are the 6 consequences of urbanisation and urban growth?

A 
Urban sprawl
Shortage of housing in HICs
Shortage of housing in LICs
Lack of urban services and waste disposal
Unemployment and underemployment
Transport issues
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3
Q

List 7 negative impacts of urban sprawl

A 
More commuting from suburbs
Increase in air pollution
Loss of farmland and open spaces
Main cause of wildlife habitat loss
Requires more roads and infrastructure
Serious impact on water quality and quantity
Decentralisation
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4
Q

What does the shortage of housing in LICs lead to?

A

Large areas of informal and often inadequate housing

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5
Q

What are the 4 common aspects of the location of informal settlements?

A

Edge of the city
Low land value due to environmental hazards such as flooding or landslides
Adjacent to transport networks
High levels of air, noise, and/or water pollution

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6
Q

What are the 4 major characteristics of informal settlements?

A

Limited access to basic infrastructure such as water, electricity and waste disposal
Lack of services such as health centres and schools
High density housing
Unmade roads

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7
Q

What are informal settlements in Rio de Janeiro called?

A

Favelas

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8
Q

Where are informal settlements referred to as bustees?

A

Parts of India

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9
Q

What are informal settlements called in West Africa?

A

Bidonvilles

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10
Q

How many people were reported by the UN to be living in slum conditions in 2013?

A

863 million

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11
Q

Why do many people feel that the actual number of slum dwellers is higher than reported by the UN?

A

Slums do not have detailed population counts

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12
Q

What do many people believe the actual number of slum dwellers is?

A

Over 1 billion

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13
Q

Give evidence of how populations of slum dwellers have increased over time.

A

Mumbai:
2005 - 6 million
2015 - 9 million

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14
Q

Why do people in Mumbai criticise the term ‘slum housing’?

A

The settlements were developed gradually by the people who live there with the help of local construction workers, usually with little support from local authorities.

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15
Q

What do some in Mumbai refer to Dhavari as?

A

A homegrown neighbourhood

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16
Q

Describe how the number of slum dwellers has changed over time.

A

The total number of people living in slums has increased over time, however the proportion of people living in slum housing fell between 2000 and 2012.

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17
Q

What happened in slums between 2000 and 2014 that showed success against a Millennium Development Goal?

A

Over 320 million slum dwellers gained access to improved water sources, improved sanitation facilities or durable or less crowded housing.

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18
Q

How is the slums incorporated into the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals?

A

One target is to ‘ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and to upgrade slums by 2030.’

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19
Q

What does high density housing in informal settlements lead to?

A

Overcrowding and subsequent rapid spread of disease

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20
Q

What is the issue with eradicating slums?

A

It simply moves the problem somewhere else

21
Q

Briefly describe and evaluate self help schemes and site and service schemes.

A

They acknowledge the presence of slums and provide help in the form of materials or services.
They have been successful in some cities but the quantity and quality of housing remains inadequate in most urban areas.

22
Q

What are self-help schemes?

A

Where inhabitants are given legal ownership of the land and work together with city authorities to change the slum into a legal, medium-quality housing area.

23
Q

How are city authorities involved in self-help schemes?

A

The provide water from standpipes and help with sanitation and waste collection.

24
Q

Describe site and service schemes.

A

Authorities divide the land into plots.
Roads, water and sanitation may be provided.
Newcomers can rent land and build a house following guidelines.
When they have money they can improve their house.

25
Q

What are slum upgrading programmes?

A

Initiatives that seek to improve slums in partnership with local NGOs and development organisations

26
Q

What 3 things do slum upgrading programmes focus on?

A

Securing rights for dwellers
Formalising land tenure rights
Providing basic amenities

27
Q

What is SDI?

A

Slum Dwellers International - an organisation that gives a voice to those living in informal settlements and links up poor communities across Africa, Asia and Latin America

28
Q

Give an example of a major slum

A

Tower of David - Caracas, Venezuela

29
Q

What percentage of Caracas live in informal housing?

A

70%

30
Q

How did a slum develop in the Tower of David?

A

Empty building until 2007.
Squatters moved in and built homes on each floor.
Thriving community developed with shops, gym, internet cafe, hairdressers.
Squatters installed electricity and got running water.
Relocating 1200 families started in 2014.

31
Q

What problem has occurred due to rising demand for accommodation in wealthy cities?

A

A dramatic increase in house prices and rental costs.

32
Q

Give an example of shortage of housing in higher income cities

A

2010-2015: house prices rose by 50% on average in some parts of London

33
Q

What caused the rise in house prices in London from 2010-2015?

A

In-migration
Gentrification
Purchasing of properties by wealthy foreign investors

34
Q

Give 4 problems caused by lack of services and limited maintenance in LICs

A

Traffic congestion
Polluted water sources
Flooding
Rapid spread of disease

35
Q

Give an example of somewhere recycling is an important part of the economy.

A

Nairobi, Kenya

36
Q

Give examples of how people in Nairobi benefit from waste.

A

Old car tyres - sandals
Washing machines - kitchen bowls, storage
Glass bottles - returned to stores for refilling
Food waste - fed to animals, composted for plants

37
Q

Why is there pressure on jobs in cities?

A

A high proportion of people who move to cities are young

38
Q

4 reasons why transport has increased in urban areas

A

Increased car ownership linked to affluence
People choosing to use cars more
Suburbanisation causes more commuting
Commercial use e.g deliveries

39
Q

4 problems caused by traffic in urban areas

A

Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Noise pollution
Respiratory problems e.g asthma
Businesses loose time and money due to workers being stuck in traffic

40
Q

What is the reason for lack of services in lower income countries?

A

Lack of money

41
Q

How is the amount of waste changing over time?

A

Its increasing

42
Q

Why did the building of wider and more roads during the 1960s not solve traffic issues?

A

They just attracted more cars

43
Q

Why is increased commuting from the suburbs a negative impact (of urban sprawl)?

A

Increased fuel consumption and traffic congestion

44
Q

Why is the loss of farmland and open spaces a negative impact (of urban sprawl)?

A

Loss of fresh local food sources.

Causes greater food miles.

45
Q

Why does urban sprawl increase air pollution levels?

A

Commuting - cars increase fossil fuel consumption and cause emissions of greenhouse gases.

46
Q

How does urban sprawl impact on water quality and quantity?

A

Covering the countryside with impermeable surfaces means that rainwater is unable to soak into the ground and replenish the groundwater aquifers. This can lead to greater water runoff and increased flood risk.

47
Q

Why is decentralisation a negative impact (of urban sprawl)?

A

It has been blamed for the decline of retail in some city areas and increasing homogenisation of the landscape.

48
Q

Give an example of how urban sprawl leads to decentralisation.

A

American cities have witnessed the huge growth of edge-of-city complexes including shopping malls and leisure areas. In some cases edge cities have developed.

49
Q

What type of work do most migrants typically do?

A

Informal work e.g street hawking

A Level Human Geography (41 decks)

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