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A Level Human Geography > CUE - Urban Waste and its Disposal > Flashcards

CUE - Urban Waste and its Disposal Flashcards

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1
Q

6 sources of waste

A 
residential/domestic
industrial
commercial
institutional
construction and demolition
urban services
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2
Q

domestic waste generators

A

households

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3
Q

industrial waste generators

A

manufacturing
power plants
construction

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4
Q

commercial waste generators

A

shops
offices
hotels
restaurants

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5
Q

institutional waste generators

A

schools
prisons
hospitals

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6
Q

construction and demolition waste generators

A

building sites

roadworks

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7
Q

urban services waste generators

A

street sweeping
transport
landscaping
waste water treatment

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8
Q

types of domestic solid waste

A 
food
electronics
plastic
paper
textiles
glass
wood
leather
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9
Q

types of industrial solid waste

A 
wood
food
ashes
metal
packaging
hazardous waste
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10
Q

types of commercial solid waste

A 
food
paper
plastic
electronics
glass
metals
hazardous waste
wood
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11
Q

types of institutional solid waste

A 
food
medical waste
plastic
wood
glass
metals
ashes
paper
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12
Q

types of construction and demolition solid waste

A 
cement
metal
tiles
wood
concrete
dirt
bricks
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13
Q

types of urban services solid waste

A 
food
metals
plastic
vegetation
street sweepings
sludge
litter
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14
Q

issues with domestic waste

A

it isn’t always recycled

some needs to be carefully disposed of

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15
Q

issues with industrial waste

A

toxic
radioactive
careful disposal required

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16
Q

issues with construction and demolition waste

A

inert waste

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17
Q

what is the overall trend between amount of waste produced and country income group?

A

the lower the country income group the less waste generated

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18
Q

explanation behind the pattern between waste generated and country income group?

A

as a country develops, more waste is produced. when higher levels of development are reached, a tipping point is reached and sustainability can become a priority

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19
Q

issues caused by waste in urban areas

A

inadequate waste disposal linked to air and water pollution, negatively impacting health
increasingly expensive to deal with waste - space for landfill is running out, incineration is costly
estimated to account for almost 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions (landfill methane 12% of methane emissions)

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20
Q

why does waste increase by 7% per year?

A

population growth and greater economic development, as greater personal wealth increases consumption of goods and services.

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21
Q

3 factors that affect the nature of waste and its journey from source to disposal

A

economic characteristics
lifestyle
attitudes

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22
Q

what is the waste stream?

A

the complete flow of waste from its domestic, commercial or industrial source, through to recovery, recycling or final disposal

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23
Q

difference between waste streams in HICs and LICs / NEEs

A

in HICs they are increasingly regulated and managed

in most LICs and NEEs it is common for MSW to be indiscriminately and improperly dumped without treatment

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24
Q

environmental issues caused by the improper dumping of MSW

A 
loss of recyclable materials
loss of potential resources
contamination of land and water bodies
multiple risks to human health
air pollution
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25
Q

why do urban dwellers produce more rubbish than people living in rural areas?

A

globally, rural dwellers tend to be poorer, have higher levels of reuse and recycling, and purchase fewer shop bought items, so have less packaging

26
Q

why is waste generation higher in cities in HICs?

A

waste generation increases as disposable incomes and living standards increase

27
Q

why do middle income cities produce more waste than high and low income cities?

A

in the midst of economic growth, consumption appears to overtake sustainability and it is not controlled until a city becomes competitively wealthy

28
Q

factors affecting the composition of waste

A 
energy sources
cultural norms
levels of economic development
climate
geographical location
29
Q

impacts of increasing waste generation

A 
water, ground and air pollution
costs of collecting and treating waste
health problems
city authorities struggling to collect increasing quantities of waste
cities are running out of space
30
Q

why does increasing waste generation cause water, ground and air pollution?

A

waste is a large source of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas

31
Q

example of how increasing waste generation causes high costs of collecting and treating waste

A

in lower income countries urban authorities may spend 20-50% of their budget on solid waste management

32
Q

how doe increasing waste generation impact health problems?

A

people can get cholera, diarrhoea and dengue fever from untreated or uncollected waste

33
Q

example of how increasing waster generation impacts on space in cities

A

in 2015 the closure of the landfill site south east of Beirut cause a political crisis. rubbish collector piled of mountains of untested waste, leading to civil protests

34
Q

example of how city authorities are struggling to collect increasing quantities of waste

A

in 2012, 30-60% of urban solid waste in LICs was uncollected. only 40% of daily waste in Cairo is collected and disposed of appropriately

35
Q

advantages of incineration

A

can reduce volume of waste needing disposal by 90%
cost effective once constructed and operational
long life span
can reduce toxicity of waste
can be used to produce energy

36
Q

disadvantages of incineration

A

expensive
unpopular with neighbouring residents
poses challenges of air pollution - CO2 is a greenhouse gas, particulate emission require managing and chimney emissions can be toxic
poses challenges of bottom ash disposal

37
Q

advantages of landfill

A

facilities are properly cited with necessary controls (in HICs)
different types of waste accepted and ordered
good use of abandoned quarries
methane can be vented and used as a fuel
on reaching capacity can be sealed, top-soiled and landscaped for recreational use
cost effective and safe is managed efficiently

38
Q

disadvantages of landfill

A

unsightly
unpopular with neighbouring residents
unpleasant smell
attracts vermin, flies and scavenging birds
wind blown material becomes unsightly litter
potential leaching of chemicals threatens groundwater supply
decaying matter produces methane (greenhouse gas, explosive)
takes up a lot of space
generates heavy, dirty, lorry traffic

39
Q

waste management hierarchy

A 
reduce
reuse
recycle
recover
landfill
incineration
controlled dump
40
Q

waste diversion strategies

A

reduce
reuse
recycle
recover

41
Q

3 ways to reduce the amount of waste

A

waste related legislation
financial incentives
education

42
Q

what is WEEE

A

waste electrical and electronic equipment

43
Q

what’s the world’s fastest growing waste stream?

A

e-waste

44
Q

what happens to Manila’s waste?

A

10% is recycled or composted
4/5ths of the remaining MSW is collected and taken to landfill sites
the rest is burned or dumped illegally

45
Q

what is the largest landfill site in Manila?

A

payatas - 6 mountains of rubbish tens of meters high covering 200 hectares

46
Q

what happened to payatas in July 2000?

A

it was officially closed after a collapse during a rainstorm killed over 200 people p

47
Q

who lives around payatas?

A

more than 80,000 slum dwellers

48
Q

living conditions of the slum dwellers at payatas

A

they live blighted by stench, their drinking water contaminated by heavy metals, lubricants and solvents
over 400 waste pickers face severe health problems including typhoid, hepatitis and cholera

49
Q

description of unregulated waste

A

disposal that is not controlled of supervised by regulation of law. usually land filling or incineration in HICs and open du ps is LICs and MICs

50
Q

disadvantages of unregulated waste disposal

A

insects, vermin and scavenging animals pas son air and water borne diseases
contamination of groundwater and surface water by leachate
higher diarrhoea and a cute respiratory infections

51
Q

description of recycling

A

carried out when materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products.

52
Q

description of recovery

A

reproduce recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation

53
Q

advantages of recycling

A

manufacturing new products in using recycled materials saves energy e.g producing aluminium from recycled aluminium requires 95% less energy than producing it from virgin materials.
reduced quantities of disposed waste
return of materials to economy

54
Q

disadvantages of recycling

A

material recovery requires energy leading to greenhouse gas emissions
if informal recyclers improperly burn materials when processing them for reuse or sale, greenhouse gas emissions can be high

55
Q

advantages of recovery

A

reduced quantities of disposed waste

returns materials to the economy

56
Q

disadvantages of recovery

A

material recovery requires energy, leading to greenhouse gas emissions

57
Q

description of submergence

A

dumping of waste in oceans e.g some companies are dumping radioactive and hazardous waste in the coastal waters of Somalia. in order to minimise ecological impacts on the sea bed, most dredged material is dumped at established sites or used for beach nourishment of land reclamation

58
Q

description of trade

A

waste may be moved between countries. the global waste trade is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal or recycling

59
Q

disadvantages of submergence

A

negative ecological impacts on sea bed
water pollution
harmful to marine organisms

60
Q

disadvantages of trade

A

inadequate regulation has allows many NEEs and LICs to become toxic dumps for hazardous waste, leading to native health effects. LICs and NEEs often don’t have safe recycling processes or facilities and hazardous wastes aren’t properly disposed of or treated. workers may process toxic waste with their bare hands leading to illness and death. the surrounding environment may also be poisoned with disastrous effect on natural ecosystems

A Level Human Geography (41 decks)

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