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BCBA Final > Cooper Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Cooper Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The stimulus that is presented as a consequence, and that is responsible for the subsequent increase in responding is called a ____________reinforcer or more simply a reinforcer

A

positive

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2
Q

_____________behavior is behavior, controlled by a rule, verbal statement of an antecedent behavior, consequence contingency that enables human behavior to come under the direct control of temporarily remote or improbable, but potentially significant consequences

A

rule governed

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3
Q

reinforcement is not a circular concept true or false

A

False

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4
Q

Positive reinforcement occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a _________ that increase the future occurrence of a similar response

A

Stimulus

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5
Q

The stimulus that is presented as a _________and that is responsible for the subsequent increase in responding is called a positive reinforcer.

A

Consequence

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6
Q

_______________behavior is behavior, controlled by a rule, verbal statement of an anesthetic behavior, consequence contingency that enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporarily remote or improbable, but potentially significant consequences.

A

Rule govern behavior

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7
Q

_______________behavior is behavior, controlled by a rule, verbal statement of an anesthetic behavior, consequence contingency that enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporarily remote or improbable, but potentially significant consequences.

A

Rule govern behavior

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8
Q

___________is a form of faulty logic in which the name used to describe an observed effect is mistaken as a cause for the effect in circular reasoning the suspected cause is not independent of its effect. They are one in the same..

A

Circular reasoning

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9
Q

A discriminative stimulus SD is an __________stimulus correlated with an availability of reinforcement for a particular response class.

A

Antecedent

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10
Q

Responding in the presence of an SD produces reinforcement responding in the absence of an SD a condition called _____________does not.

A

Stimulus Delta

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11
Q

As a result of history of reinforcement, a person learns to make a more responses in the presence of the SD then in its absence, the behavior is considered to be under _____________.

A

Stimulus control

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12
Q

With the addition of the SD, the two term continency for reinforcement becomes the three term contingency of the discriminated _______.

A

Operate

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13
Q

Motivating operations, alter the current effectiveness of stimulus changes as ______.

A

Reinforcement

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14
Q

Motivating __________alter the current effectiveness of stimulus changes as reinforcement.

A

Operations

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15
Q

___________operations are environmental variables that have two effects on behavior. They altered the operant reinforcing effectiveness of some specific object or event the value altering affect..

A

Motivating

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16
Q

Motivating operations, alter the momentary frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by those stimuli objects or events the ____________altering effect.

A

Behavior

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17
Q

In other words for a stimulus change to work as reinforcement at any given time, the learner must already _____________

A

Want it.

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18
Q

Establish establishing operation is a discriminative operant results in a four term contingency. Establishing operations, determine what an individual wants at any particular __________-

A

Moment

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19
Q

Abolishing operation decreases a current effect of a reinforcer, true or false

A

True

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20
Q

Automatticityof __________ the fact that a person does not have to understand or verbalize the relation between his or her actions and reinforcing consequence, or for that matter, even be aware that a consequence has occurred for reinforcement to occur.

A

Reinforcement

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21
Q

Reinforcement was not contingent in the sense of dependent on the behavior. It was only coincidence that reinforcement sometimes followed the behavior. Such accidentally reinforced behavior is called superstitious because it has no influence on whether ___________ follows.

A

Reinforcement

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22
Q

Automatic reinforcement refers to the behavior, stimulus change relation that occurs without the presentation of a consequence by other people insured automatic reinforcement occurs independent of ___________of others.

A

Social mediation

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23
Q

Automatic reinforcement is assumed when a behavior persist in the absence of any known reinforcer and this default situation. Automatic reinforcement is assumed to be the controlling ________.

A

Variable

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24
Q

An _____________reinforcer is a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement, even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it.

A

Unconditioned

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25
Q

The term primary reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer or synonymous for unconditioned, reinforcer true or false

A

True

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26
Q

Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary history of a species. Phylogeny true or false.

A

True true

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27
Q

A conditioned reinforcer sometimes called a secondary reinforcer or learned reinforcer is a previously _____stimulus change. It has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforced or conditioned reinforced..

A

Neutral

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28
Q

Neutral simulation can also become conditioned reinforcers for humans without direct physical pairing with other reinforcers through repairing process called ______analog conditioning.

A

Verbal

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29
Q

A _ _______\conditioned reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for effectiveness.

A

Generalized

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30
Q

Examples of generalized conditioned, reinforcer, social attention, proximity eye contact praise because it is occurred __________-with many reinforcers reinforces with a generalized conditioned. Reinforcer has paired the greater likelihood that it will be effective in any given time..

A

Simultaneously

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31
Q

__________principal states that making the opportunity to engage in a behavior that occurs in a relatively high free, operant or baseline rate contingent on the occurrence of low frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low current behavior.

A

Premak

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32
Q

Stimulus preferences assessment refers to a variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that the person selects

A

Differentially

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33
Q

Stimulus preference assessment the relative hierarchical preference value of those stimuli ______preference to low preference.

A

High

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34
Q

Stimulus preference assessment the _________under which those preferences values change when the task demands deprivation, states or schedules of reinforcement are modified.

A

Conditions

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35
Q

Stimulus preference assessment issues to whether a high preferred item ultimately serve as effective _________

A

Reinforcer

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36
Q

Single stimulus preference assessment stimulate our presented one at a time approach responses, moving hand or body towards them are recorded preference hierarchies are established by calculating the percentage of _______ responses per stimulus.

A

approach

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37
Q

_________ stimulus preference assessment across a series of trials stimuli are presented to at a time individuals can approach only one item on a trial approach responses are recorded preference hierarchy are establish by calculating the percentage of approaches response per stimulus

A

Paired

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38
Q

____________stimulus without replacement at the start of each session multiple stimuli are placed in front of the individual who can select one approach responses are recorded. The selected item is not replaced and the position the remaining are changed then the individual selects from the remaining items. continue in this manner until all the items have been selected or the individual stop selecting items. Typically several sessions are conducted. Preference hierarchies are established by calculating the percentage of approach responses per stimulus across all sessions.

A

Multiple

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39
Q

________ operant multiple stimuli are placed on a table. Top and participants are free to engage with any of the items for five minutes during of engagement with each object manipulation object is measured higher keys are established by ranking them according to the duration of object manipulations for each stimulus.

A

Brief

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40
Q

Multiple stimulus without replacement life is likely to identify multiple reinforcers and minimal time true or false

A

True

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41
Q

____________- Positional bias, limited to smaller tabletop items and fewer items requires more time than a free operant assessment

A

MSWO

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42
Q

Hared stimulus likely to identify multiple reinforcers, accommodates, larger, tabletop items, and greater number of items. True or false

A

True

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43
Q

Paired stimulus has positional bias requires more time than a MSWO and FO assessment true or false

A

True

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44
Q

Single stimulus likely to identify multiple reinforcers, accommodates, larger items and activities true or false

A

True

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45
Q

Single stimulus false positive results less likely to identify relative preference than MSWO and PS methods except with duration of engagement is also measured true or false

A

True

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46
Q

Free operant, less likely to evoke problem behavior required minimal time, accommodates, larger items and activities true or false

A

True

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47
Q

Free operant less likely to identify multiple reinforcers than other methods except when assessment is repeated without most preferred item true or false

A

True

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48
Q

Asking the target person a straightforward method for determining stimulus ________is to ask the target person what she likes open ended questions choice format, rank ordering

A

Preference

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49
Q

offering a pretest choice in this method, the practitioner asked the participant to choose what he wants to earn for doing a _______

A

Task

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50
Q

Free operant observations

A

Observing and recording what activities the target person engages in when she has chose during a period of unrestricted access to numerous activities.

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51
Q

Contrived ______operant observation practitioners, use contrived observations to determine whether when how and the extent to which the person engages with each of the predetermined set of activities and materials.

A

Free

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52
Q

__________free operant observation are conducted in the learners every day environment as an obtrusively as possible. The observer knows how to learner allocates his time and record the number of minutes the learner to votes to each activity..

A

Naturalistic

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53
Q

__________methods of stimulus preference assessments stimuli presented to the learner in a series of test and the learner responses to the stimuli are measured as an index or hierarchy of preference

A

Trial based methods

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54
Q

A __________stimulus presentation method also called a successive choice or single stimulus engagement. Preference method represents the most basic assessment available for determining preferences simply stated a stimulus is presented by a train clinician or teacher and the persons reaction to engagement with the stimulus is noted.

A

Single

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55
Q

A __________stimulus presentation method also called a successive choice or single stimulus engagement. Preference method represents the most basic assessment available for determining preferences simply stated a stimulus is presented by a train clinician or teacher and the persons reaction to engagement with the stimulus is noted.

A

Single

56
Q

Presenting one stimulus at a time may be well suited for individuals who have difficulty selecting among ________stimuli

A

Two or more

57
Q

In a single stimulus preference assessment approach, avoidance or rejections responses are recorded in terms of occurrence sit yes and no count or duration time spent engaging with the item true or false

A

True

58
Q

Paired stimuli preference assessment also called the ____________method consist of the stimulus presentation of two stimuli the observer records, which of the two the learner chooses.

A

Forced choice

59
Q

Multiple stimuli, the multiple stimuli presentation method is an extension of the paired stimuli procedure. The participant to be assessed chooses a preferred stimulus from an array of three or more stimuli by presenting multiple stimuli together is reduced.

A

Assessment time

60
Q

In the multiple stimuli with replacement procedure, the item chosen by the learner ___________in the aray and items that were not selected are replaced with new items.

A

Remains

61
Q

In the multiple stimulus without replacement procedure, the chosen item is __________from the array. The order of placement of the remaining items is structurally rearranged, and the next trial begins with a reduced number of items in the array.

A

Removed

62
Q

A reinforcer assessment refers to a variety of direct databased ________used to present one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and then measuring the future effects of the rate of responding.

A

Methods

63
Q

In the _________reinforcer analysis is conducted by practitioners when a learners response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change in this case, a stimulus presumed to be a reinforcer, and the effect is noted on increasing in the future occurrence of similar responses

A

Moment

64
Q

Concurrent schedule of reinforcer assessment when two or more _________ of reinforcement operate independently, and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.

A

Contingencies

65
Q

preference stimulus now presented continency in the absence of the high preference stimulus serve as a reinforcer use concurrent schedules to compare the effects of high preference and low preference stimuli as reinforcers for adults with developmental disabilities

A

Low

66
Q

A _______schedule of reinforcement consistent, two or more component schedules of reinforcement for a single response with only one component schedule in effect given time

A

Multiple

67
Q

____________as the term is used here requires an experimental demonstration at the presentation of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a target response functions as positive reinforcement

A

Control

68
Q

Historically, researchers and practitioners have used the reversal technique as a major control technique for positive reinforcement briefly the reversal technique includes two conditions and a minimum of four _______.

A

Phases

69
Q

In the _______condition, the behavior is measured over time until it achieves stability in the absence of the reinforcing contingency. The absence of the contingency is a control condition.

A

A

70
Q

In the bee condition, the reinforcement contingency is presented the same target behavior continues to be measured to assess the effects of the stimulus change. The presence of the reinforcement contingency is the _________.

A

Experimental

71
Q

__________reinforcement is the presentation of a potential reinforcer on a fixed time or variable time schedule independent of the occurrence of the target behavior.

A

Non-contingent reinforcement

72
Q

Differential reinforcement of ______behavior delivers a potential reinforcer, whether the target behavior has not occurred during a set time interval or at a specific point in time.

A

Other

73
Q

__________-behavior is used as a control condition. The potential reinforcer is presented contingent on occurrences of desirable alternative to the target behavior. The DRA reversal technique includes a minimum of five phases..

A

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

74
Q

___________ is the term used here required an experiment requires an experimental demonstration and the presentation of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a target response functions as positive reinforcement.

A

Control

75
Q

Control procedures for positive reinforcement. A BAB design in the A condition, the behavior is measered overtime until it achieves stability in the absence of the ________________The absence of the contingency is a control condition.

A

Reinforcement condition

76
Q

Control procedures for positive reinforcemet- ABAB design the B condition is the reinforcement contingency is presented the same target behavior continues to be measured to assess the effects of the stimulus change. The presence of the reinforcement contingency is

A

experimental condition

77
Q

Control procedures for positive reinforcement ABAB design, if the rate of responding increases in the presence of the contingency, the analyst then withdraws the reinforcement contingency and returns to the a and B conditions to learn whether the absence and presence of the contingency will turn the target behavior down and _______

A

Up

78
Q

non-contingent reinforcement is the presentation of a potential reinforcer on a fixed time or variable time schedule independent of the ________of the target behavior.

A

Occurrence

79
Q

non-contingent reinforcement uses the ABBC design, true or faulse

A

True

80
Q

_________reinforcement ABC design is a baseline condition. B is the NCR condition where the potential reinforcer presented on a fixed or variable interval schedule independent of the target behavior and C is a condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the current of the target behavior..

A

Non-contingent reinforcement

81
Q

A practitioner, using differential reinforcement of other behavior DRO a potential reinforcer whenever the target behavior has _______occurred during the set interval or at a specific point in time

A

Not

82
Q

The DRO reversal technique includes a minimum of five faces ABCBC A is a baseline condition. B is a reinforcement condition and see is the DRO control condition.. True or false

A

True

83
Q

In the DRO control condition C condition in which the potential reinforcer is presented contingent on the _________of the target behavior.

A

Absence

84
Q

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior is used as a control condition. Potential reinforcer is presented contingent on occurrences of a desirable _________ to the target behavior..

A

alternative

85
Q

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior is used as a control condition. Potential reinforcer is presented contingent on occurrences of a desirable _________ to the target behavior..

A

alternative

86
Q

Differential reinforcement of __________behavior uses a ABCBC. A is the baseline condition condition. B is a reinforcement condition and see is a condition in which the potential enforcer is presented contingent on the current of an alternative behavior..

A

Alternative

87
Q

To use reinforcement effectively set an easily achieved initial criterion for reinforcement where participants first _______produce reinforcement, and then increase the criterion for reinforcement gradually as performance improves.

A

Response

88
Q

Use high-quality _________of sufficient magnitude reinforcers that maintain responding on simple task may not have the potency to produce similar levels of responding on more difficult longer task practitioners will likely need to use a reinforcer of high-quality for behaviors that require more effort or endurance.

A

Reinforcers

89
Q

Use ________reinforcers to maintain, potent, establishing operations reinforcers often decrease in effectiveness with frequent use, presenting an over abundance of a specific reinforcer is likely to diminish the momentary effectiveness of due to satiation.

A

Varied

90
Q

A highly preferred stimulus chosen during preference assessments, sometimes functions as a high-quality reinforcer, true or false______

A

True

91
Q

A highly preferred stimulus chosen during preference assessments, sometimes functions as a high-quality reinforcer, true or false______

A

True

92
Q

We suggest that the amount of reinforcement be ________to the quality of the reinforcer and the effort required to admit the target response.

A

Proportional

93
Q

Use varied reinforcers to maintain potent establishing ________

A

Operations

94
Q

Use direct rather than indirect reinforcement ___________when possible With a direct reinforcement contingency, admitting the target be response produces direct access to the reinforcer. The contingency does not require any intervening steps.

A

Contingencies

95
Q

With an indirect reinforcement contingency, the response does not produce a reinforcement directly. The practitioner presents the reinforcer. The research suggests that direct reinforcement contingencies may enhance performance. True or or

A

True

96
Q

With an indirect reinforcement contingency, the response does not produce a reinforcement directly. The practitioner presents the reinforcer. The research suggests that direct reinforcement contingencies may enhance performance. True or or

A

True

97
Q

The definition of direct and ________contingencies to the difference between an automatic reinforcement and socially mediated contingencies indirect

A

Direct

98
Q

Whenever possible practitioners should use direct reinforcement contingencies, especially when learners have limited behavior, repertoire, true or false

A

True

99
Q

Initially reinforce each occurrence of the behavior on an _________

A

F1

100
Q

Provide contingent attention and _________praise. Descriptive praise is providing some general sign of social approval and a brief description of the behavior that is responsible for the approval..?

A

descriptive praise

101
Q

Gradually increase the response to reinforcement delay. And then sent out the delivery of reinforces by switching to an _________schedule of reinforcement.

A

Intermittent

102
Q

Gradually shift from contrived to naturally occurring __________

A

Reinforcers

103
Q

_________-reinforcement occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that changes increase a future occurrence of similar responses

A

Positive

104
Q

_________-reinforcement occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that changes increase a future occurrence of similar responses

A

Positive

105
Q

The stimulus that is presented as a consequence, and that is responsible for subsequent increase in responding is called a positive reinforcer or simply a __________.

A

Reinforcer

106
Q

The importance of immediacy of reinforcement must be emphasized. A response to reinforcement delay of Lytle is one second will be less effective than a reinforcer delivered delivered ___________.

A

Immediately

107
Q

The effects of long delayed consequence on human behavior should not be attributed to reinforcement as these effects drop off quickly as a delay is _________

A

Increased

108
Q

Is reinforcement a circular concept true or false?

A

False

109
Q

Reinforcement does more than increase the future occurrence of similar behavior. It also changes the __________of stimuli that immediately proceeded to reinforce behavior.

A

Function

110
Q

An ___________stimulus Vokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a discriminative stimulus.

A

Antecedent

111
Q

_________-of reinforcement refers to the fact that a person does not have to understand or verbalize the relation between his or her actions and a reinforcing consequence, or for that matter, even be aware that the consequence has occurred for reinforcement

A

Automaticity

112
Q

Reinforcement strengthens any behavior that immediately immediately proceeds it true or false

A

True

113
Q

The importance of understanding the __________ of reinforcement goes far behind providing a possible explanation for the development of harmless superstitious an Idiosyncratic behaviors.

A

Arbitatiness

114
Q

__________reinforcement refers to the behavior, stimulus change relation that occurs without the presentation of consequence by other people, or is assumed when a behavior persist in the absence of a known reinforcer.

A

Automatic

115
Q

An ___________reinforcer is a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement, even though the learner has had no particularly learning history with it.

A

Unconditioned

116
Q

The term ________reinforcer and unlearned reinforcer are cinnamon synonyms for unconditioned reinforcer.

A

Primary

117
Q

A ______reinforcer sometimes called a secondary reinforcer is a previously neutral stimulus change. It is acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcer or conditioned rein.

A

Conditioned

118
Q

_________ conditioned reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

A

Generalized

119
Q

When reinforcers are described by their physical properties, they are typically classified as edible sensory, tangible activity or social reinforcer. True or false.

A

True

120
Q

principal states that making the opportunity to engage in a behavior that occurs at a relatively high free operate rate contingent on the occurrence of low frequency behavior will functions as reinforcement for low occurrence behavior.

A

The premack principal

121
Q

The response _________hypothesis is a model for predicting whether access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for another behavior based on the relative baseline rates at which behavior occurs, and whether the access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement.

A

Deprivation

122
Q

A _________conditioned reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

A

Generalized

123
Q

The response hypothesis is a model for predicting whether access to one behavior that contingent behavior will function as reinforcement for another behavior the instrumental response based on the relative baseline rates at which each behavior occurs and whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement.

A

Deprivation

124
Q

The response hypothesis is a model for predicting whether access to one behavior that contingent behavior will function as reinforcement for another behavior the instrumental response based on the relative baseline rates at which each behavior occurs and whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction compared to the baseline level of engagement.

A

Deprivation

125
Q

Stimulus preference __________refers to a variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person differentially selects the relative hierarchal preference value of those stimuli the conditions under which those preference value values change when it demands deprivation, states or schedules of reinforcement or modified a highly preferred item ultimately serve as effective reinforcers.

A

assesments

126
Q

There are ______forms of stimulus preferences, assessments, single stimulus paired, stimulus free, operant multiple stimulus with replacement and multiple stimulus without item replacement.

A

Five

127
Q

There are ______forms of stimulus preferences, assessments, single stimulus paired, stimulus free, operant multiple stimulus with replacement and multiple stimulus without item replacement.

A

Five

128
Q

Preferred stimuli do not always function as reinforcers and stimulus preferences often change overtime, true or false

A

True

129
Q

________assessment refers to a variety of direct databased methods for determining the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement under different and changing conditions or the comparative effectiveness of multiple stimuli as reinforcers for a given behavior under specific conditions

A

Reinforcer

130
Q

________assessment refers to a variety of direct databased methods for determining the relative effects of a given stimulus as reinforcement under different and changing conditions or the comparative effectiveness of multiple stimuli as reinforcers for a given behavior under specific conditions

A

Reinforcer

131
Q

Reinforce her assessment is often conducted within the moment procedure concurrent schedules of reinforcement, multiple schedules of reinforcement and progressive reinforcement schedules, true or false

A

True

132
Q

____________control procedures are used to manipulate the contingent presentation of potential reinforcer, and observe observe the effect of the future frequency of behavior.

A

Positive reinforcer

133
Q

_________as a term is used here requires an experimental demonstration that the presentation of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a target response as positive reinforcement control demonstrates by comparing response rates to the absence and presence of a contingency, and then showing that with the absence and presence of the contingency, the behavior can be turned on and off or up and down.

A

Control

134
Q

A ___________for punishment or SDP is a stimulus condition in the presence of which response class occurs at a lower frequency than it does in the absence of the SD has result of conditioning history in which responses in the presence of the have been punished and similar responses of that stimulus have not been punished or have resulted in reduced frequency or magnitude of punishment.

A

Discriminative stimulus

135
Q

punishment suppressive effects on behavior are usually not permanent recovery from punishment is especially likely when the behavior being punished it also obtains ___________

A

Reinforcement

136
Q

__________when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued, and the behavior decreases in the future.

A

Operant extinction

BCBA Final (16 decks)

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