control of hormone secretion and the endocrine system during exercise

Question 1

most hormones controlled by what?

Answer 1

negative feedback systems

Question 2

most hormones are not secreted at a what?

Answer 2

constant rate

Question 3

secretion is regulated by three different methods, what are they?

Answer 3

1. The action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland. (humoral)
2. Neural control of endocrine gland.(neural)
3. Control of secretory activity of one endocrine
   gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland. (hormonal)

Question 4

Control by Humoral stimuli with PTH

Answer 4

Low blood Ca^2+-endocrine cell when blood Ca^2+ is too low-PTH-Osteoclast-increased blood Ca^2+

Question 5

control by humoral stimuli without PTH

Answer 5

High blood Ca^2+ -endocrine cell when blood Ca^2+ is too high-no PTH is secreted-decreased blood Ca^2+

Question 6

control by Neural stimuli part 1

Answer 6

An action potential (AP) in a neuron innervating an endocrine cell stimulates secretion of a stimulatory neurotransmitter.

Question 7

control by Neural stimuli part 2

Answer 7

The endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood where it will travel to its target.

Question 8

control by Neural stimuli part 3

Answer 8

An AP in the neuron stimulates secretion of an

inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Question 9

control by Neural stimuli part 4

Answer 9

The endocrine cell is inhibited and does not secrete its hormone.

Question 10

control by Hormonal stimuli part 1

Answer 10

Neurons in the hypothalamus release stimulatory hormones, called releasing hormones. Releasing hormones travel in the blood to the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 11

control by Hormonal stimuli part 2

Answer 11

Releasing hormones stimulate the release of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary, which travel in the blood to their target endocrine cell.

Question 12

control by Hormonal stimuli part 3

Answer 12

The target endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood, where it travels to its target and produces a response.

Question 13

control by Hormonal stimuli part 4

Answer 13

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also inhibits the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary from secreting the releasing hormone and the tropic hormone. This is negative feedback.

Question 14

control by Hormonal stimuli part 5

Answer 14

In some instances, the hypothalamus can also secrete inhibiting hormones, which prevent the secretion of anterior pituitary tropic hormones.

Question 15

Regulation of blood hormone levels (Negative feedback hormones) part 1

Answer 15

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell.

Question 16

Regulation of blood hormone levels (Negative feedback hormones) part 2

Answer 16

The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

Question 17

Regulation of blood hormone levels (Negative feedback hormones) part 3

Answer 17

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone.

Question 18

Regulation of blood hormone levels (positive feedback hormones) part 1

Answer 18

The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell.

Question 19

Regulation of blood hormone levels (positive feedback hormones) part 2

Answer 19

The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.

Question 20

Regulation of blood hormone levels (positive feedback hormones) part 3

Answer 20

The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a positive-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and increases secretion of the tropic hormone.

Question 21

Hormone= Epinephrine

Answer 21

stimulant for release= moderate to intense exercise, stress, hypotension

Target tissue=skeletal muscle

Response= +Glycogenolysis(breakdown of glycogen), vasoconstriction

Question 22

hormone= Norepinephrine

Answer 22

stimulant for release= moderate to intense exercise, hypoglycaemia

target tissue= adipose tissue, liver

response= +lipolysis (breakdown of fat),
+ heart rate,
+ glycogenolysis

Question 23

hormone= Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 23

Stimulant for release= exercise, hypoglycaemia

target tissue= skeletal tissue, bone, adipose tissue, liver

Response= stimulation of growth, FFA mobilization,
+ gluconeogenesis,
- glucose uptake

Question 24

hormone= Testosterone

Answer 24

Stimulant for release= +FSH
+ LH
exercise, stress

target tissue= skeletal muscle, bone

Response= Protein synthesis, sperm production, sex drive

Question 25

hormone= Estrogen

Answer 25

Stimulant for release= +FSH
+ LH
light to moderate exercise

target tissue= skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Response= inhibition of glucose uptake, fat deposition

Question 26

hormone= cortisol

Answer 26

Stimulant for release= ACTH, intense prolonged exercise

target tissue= skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver

Response= +Gluconeogenesis,
+ protein synthesis,
- glucose uptake

Question 27

hormone= Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

Answer 27

Stimulant for release= +GH

target tissue= almost all cells

Response= stimulation of growth

Question 28

hormone response to exercise

Answer 28

 Hormone concentrations
increase during exercise

 Greater increases during
higher exercise intensities

 Smaller increases in trained people

 Except insulin which
decreases with exercise and
less in trained

Question 29

overtraining and hormones

Answer 29

 Hormonal evaluation is useful for monitoring sports training

 Excessive frequency, volume and intensity of training, resulting in fatigue

Question 30

testosterone to cortisol ratio is used to detect overtraining syndrome:

Answer 30

◦ Reflects the anabolic/catabolic status of the body

◦ Ratio decreases when training load increases

◦ Below a certain threshold, it may indicate over-training

◦ May be caused by both mental and physical stress