Contemporary Classification (C. Diarthrosis....Common Features)

Question 1

What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?

Answer 1

Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

Question 2

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

Answer 2

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine, and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

Question 3

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

Answer 3

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

Question 4

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

Answer 4

Nociceptive, they monitor pain

Question 5

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 5

Accessory ligamnets in general, dense in th eposterior longituddinal ligament of the spine

Question 6

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

Answer 6

(1) synovial villi
(2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands
(3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 7

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?

Answer 7

Aid in spreading synovial fluid

Question 8

What is the apparent function of synovial villi?

Answer 8

Increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion – absorption phenomena

Question 9

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

Answer 9

Lumbar zygapophyses

Question 10

What is the unique name of the inner or lumenal layer of the synovial membrane?

Answer 10

Synovial lamina intima

Question 11

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

Answer 11

Are phagocytic

Question 12

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

Answer 12

Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 13

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans important in articular cartilage?

Answer 13

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, and keratin sulfate

Question 14

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

Answer 14

Form a network for water retention

Question 15

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

Answer 15

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

Question 16

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

Answer 16

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time dependent property

Question 17

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

Answer 17

Weeping theory

Question 18

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

Answer 18

Boosted theory

Question 19

Which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

Answer 19

Boundary theory

Question 20

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

Answer 20

It is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty

Question 21

Which substance in synovial fluid was first though to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 21

Hyaluronate

Question 22

What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 22

Lubricin

Question 23

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 23

Provides a nutritive source for articular cartilage and supply the lubricant for the cartilage surface