Congenital Heart Diseases

Question 1

What is the most common Congenital Heart Disease?

Answer 1

VSD

Question 2

Name the L to R shunt diseases

Answer 2

Patent Foramen Ovale, ASD, VSD, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, AV septal defect

Question 3

How do you differentiate a PFO from an ASD?

Answer 3

PFO is a transient hole whitl ASD is fixed

Question 4

How does PFO affect shunting?

Answer 4

Leads to a right to left shunt

Question 5

Symptoms of Patent Foramen Ovale

Answer 5

Pulmonary hypertension, cough and sneeze

Question 6

What is a ASD?

Answer 6

Fixed opening in the atrial septum

Question 7

What are the 3 types of ASD?

Answer 7

Primum, Secundom, and Sinus Venosus

Question 8

Discuss the types of ASD

Answer 8

Secundum: Incomplete/Fenestrated oval fossa near center of septum.
Primum: Adjacent to AV valves
Sinus Venosus: Near the entrance to SVC

Question 9

Symptoms of ASD

Answer 9

1. Usually asymptomatic until adulthood
2. Paradoxical embolus
3. Heart failure
4. Increased pulmonary circulation
5. Pulmonary Valve murmur

Question 10

What is sinus venosus associated with?

Answer 10

Anomalous pulmonary venous return to right atrium

Question 11

Discuss VSDs

Answer 11

1. Incomplete closure of septum
2. Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
3. 90% are in membranous interventricular septum

Question 12

What is Swiss Cheese VSD?

Answer 12

A VSD in the muscular septum

Question 13

Symptoms of VSD

Answer 13

RVH, Pulmonary HTN, shunt reversal

Question 14

What is a Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Answer 14

Bypasses the fetal lungs; Connects aorta to pulmonary artery

Question 15

Physical Exam findings of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Answer 15

Machinery like continous murmur; Asymptomatic at birth

Question 16

If the PDA is helpful, how do you keep it open?

Answer 16

Prostaglandin E and Indomethacin

Question 17

What is an AV septal defect?

Answer 17

Embryological failure of superior and inferior endocardial cushions of AV canal to fuse

Question 18

Describe the two types a AV septal defects?

Answer 18

Partial: Primum ASD with cleft anterior mitral leaflet
Complete
Large AV septal defet
Large common AV valve
Large hole in center of heart

Question 19

What are AV septal defects associated with?

Answer 19

Down syndrome