Conflict in the Middle East. Flashcards
What was Palestine part of from 1516?
The Ottoman Empire.
What happened during the First World War?
The Ottomans sided with Germany and Palestine was occupied by Britain. The Ottomans were defeated. Britain attracted the Arabs by agreeing they should be an independent arab state. However, the Balfour Declaration in Nov 1917 gave support for a Jewish state.
What did the League of Nations give Britain in 1923?
A mandate to rule Palestine. Arabs were furious as Britain went back on their promise. Terms of the mandate were:
-Protect the rights of Arabs.
-Establish a state for Jews.
-Prepare to leave the country for its independence.
What was the Haganah?
A Jewish defence force to protect themselves as tensions between Arabs and Jews increased.
What was an Irgun?
A Jewish terrorist organisation was formed in 1931 to create a Jewish state by force.
When was the Arab revolt?
1936-39. Ended by the British troops and so was the Hagnah.
What happened during the Second World War?
The British needed oil from Arabs so they drastically limited Jewish immigration. This created the stern group-Most extremist Jewish group.
What is Zionism?
A movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine.
Jewish insurgency (violent uprising) 1945-47.
-Irgun and Stern gang bombed British offices, police stations, bases etc. Bombing of the King David Hotel on 22nd July 1946 was the deadliest act of terror.
-Hagnah brought ships and smuggled Jews in illegally.
-Communication lines were targeted to make it expensive/difficult to rule.
What was the US reaction towards the Jewish insurgency?
Increased its support after 1945 because of pressure and its large Jewish population. Welcomed Holocaust refugees, criticised Britain for immigration restrictions and applied economic pressure on Britain.
What did the UN set up in May 1947?
Set up a special committee for Palestine (UNSCOP) to find a solution.
What did the UN resolution 181 recommend?
To partition the into Jewish and Arab states. This would lead to the creation of the state of Israel.
What was the significance of the UN resolution 181?
-Toured Palestine in 1947 but they received little input from Arabs as they were seen as pro-zionists.
- USA/USSR voted in favour of the resolution. Wanted others to do the same.
-British gov against the resolution as it would lead to civil war. It drew on 15th May 1948.
-Most Jews agreed with it but Arabs didn’t.
-Arab liberation Amry set up to fight Jews.
-14th May 1948-State of Israel was founded.
The civil war, December 1947-May 1948.
-Arabs attacked Jews throughout Palestine.
-Organised by higher Arab committee.
-Jews led by the Hagnah fought back.
-100,000 Arabs fled to other countries.
-Palestinians removed in Israeli land (ethnic cleansing).
Deir Yassin.
1)Feb 1948, Arabs prevented supplies reaching the 100,000 Jews in Jerusalem.
2) Deir Yassin-small arab village. Had chosen not to fight with Jews.
3) On 9th April Irgun reached there and killed 100 Arabs inc women/children
4)Widely reported to encourage others to fight. 250,000 Palestinians fled.
The start of the Arab-Israeli war.
-14 May 1948 the new state of Isreal was declared. Biritsh mandate left on 15th May and the Arab countries attacked Israel.
-650,000 Jews.
-40 million Arabs. (combined from different nations).
Arab-Israeli war-key events.(1948-49)
-Arabs invaded Israel in May-June 1948.Few advances made into Jewish state.
-Months ceasefire-11th June by UN. Isreal- arms from Czechoslovakia. More Israeli soldiers as less Arabs were sent. separate leaders-failed to coordinate attacks. They struggled to buy weapons.
-Jewish expansion-suprise attack by Idf which broke ceasefire on 8th July. 2nd ceasefire was broken by the Idf. Galilee and Negev desert was taken driving Egyptians into Sinai.
-Battle for Jerusalem-Arabs blocked the city. April 1948-Irgun broke it and resupplied Jews.
-Each Arab nation negotiated its own ceasefire. Final one with Syria began on 20th July 1949.
What was the al-Nakba?
It was ‘the catastrophe’ in 1948 for Palestinians. More than 700,000 Palestinian refugees due to territorial changes.
What was the consequence of the Al-Nakba war? 1948-49.
-Many Palestinians migrated to Middle east or USA
-Some settled in one of the 55 tented camps.
-Emergency relief given by UNRWA-International organisation.
-Arab league denied citizenship to Palestinians to avoid war.
-Only Jordan ignored this.
The creation of the israeli defence forces.
1) David Ben-Gurion created the IDF on 28th May 1948 It received the greatest portion of the Israeli government budget.
2)Former members of the Hagnah. Later Irgun/stern gang members joined.
3) Well led and organised.
4)Conscription of all Israeli citizens, Males served for 30 months and women 18 months from 18.
5) Huge reserve force.
The law of return 1950.
-Jews came from arab countries where anti-Semitism was growing. Jewish immigration was supported. July 1950- Law of return-any Jews the right to Israeli citizenship. Palestinians forbidden to return.
US aid to Israel.
-300 million to support new Jewish immigration to Isreal
-Us did not send arms to Israel.
-Many donated huge amounts of money to help.
Clashes between Egypt and Israel.
1) Many Palestinian refugees made raids into Israel to get their belongings, take crops or attack Israelis.
2) These were known as Fedayeen (freedom fighters)
3) Idf carried out reprisal raids-killing Palestinians.
4) Jordan tightened up borders. Egypt did little to stop the Fedayeen.
Who became king in Egypt after King Farouk was taken down?
Colonel Gamal Abdel Nassar.
What were the new policies under Nasser?
Independence from Britain-80,000 troops occupied the Suez Canal zone. He persuaded them to leave and they withdrew and would only return if another country attacked the canal.
Internal reforms-Fetile land from the wealthy given to the poor. Built schools/hospitals.
The Aswan Dam project- Dam across the river Nile. Control flooding and provide water to irrigate land. A large amount of hydro-electric power but eygpt had no money to build it.
The nationalism of the Suez Canal, 1956.
-Mostly owned by British and French shareholders.
-Nasser nationalised it - he took over ownership so it was under state control.
-Britain/France feared loss of control and their position in the Middle East.
The significance of Israeli attacks on Gaza
-Increased tensions
-Increased Israel’s confidence to take further action.
-Led to Egypt burying weapons and becoming a soviet ally.
-Nasser blocked the Gulf Of Aqaba.
What plan did Britain and France make with Israel?
Met in secret with the head of the IDF. Agreed to work together.
-Israel would invade Gaza and Sinai.
–Britain/France would ask Eygpt to stop fighting and when that failed invade Egypt and take control of the canal.
-Israel would have improved security and trade.
-Nasser would be thrown over.
What did Nasser want for the Arab world?
-He wanted a strong arab nation and independence from other countries. He stood up against Israel and the Western powers.
Who was the UAR between?
Between Egypt and Syria. Ended as Syria withdrew in 1961-didn’t like being a lesser partner.
What was the significance of the Suez Crisis?
-Ensured the canal remained under Egypt’s control.
-Britain and France-humiliated. Lost influence.
-USSR paid for the building of the Aswan Dam.
-USA was now the most important Western power in the Middle East.
-Isreal’s security and ability to trade increased.
The significance of the Cairo conference, 1964.
-showed the Arab states were prepared to work against Israel. Arabs were anti-Isreal without going to war.
-Confirmed that Nasser was the leader of the Arab world.
-Nasser showed Israels plan to divert the River Jordan as threat to all. Arabs would prepare for war if they diverted the water. Israel wasn’t afraid as it had a bigger force and had USA/France on its side.
What was the Headwater diversion plan? (Cairo conference)
Syria/Lebanon would divert 2 of the 3 sources of the River Jordan away from the Sea of Galilee so Israel would not be able to use it for new settlements/farms.
-Israel became worried as Syria began to build a canal in 1965.
Why was the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) set up?
It was created for Palestinians to unite behind and to be responsible for Palestininas welfare.
What did the PLO also set up?
They also set up the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA)-an armed force to fight for liberation. Israel didn’t fear it as it only had 12,000 soldiers.
When was the Fatah founded and by whom?
Founded in 1959 by Yasser Arafat who wanted to create a Palestinian state.
What did the Fatah do?
They believed in violence to destroy Israel.
-70 raids from 1965-67. (attacking military, railways etc).
-Had bases in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
-Israel retaliated causing great damage but increased publicity for the Palestinians and Arafat.
Support for the Fatah.
-Syria provided support for Fatah in the form of weapons/money and training camps.
-Syria accused Nasser of not helping. Led to Egyptian-Syrian pact of November 1966 where each country agreed to help the other if attacked.
-Jordan was a good US ally and wanted a good relationship with Israel. Didnt support Fatah but didn’t stop the raids.
Israel’s raid on Samu (13th November 1966).
11th Nov-Landmine explosion on the Israeli-Jordan border killed 3 Israeli policemen and injured 6. Fatah suspected of doing the attack but no group claimed responsibility.
13th Nov-Isreali PM Eshkol sent 600 troops to the village of Samu as a reprisal. Buildings were dynamited.
100 Jordan soldiers fought back leaving 15 Jordainas, 1 Isreali and 3 villagers dead.
What were the consequences of Isreal raid on Samu?
-Internaitonal condemnation for Eshkol and Isreal’s actions.
-Destroyed the king of Jordan’s (King Hussein) hope of a relationship with Israel.
-Hussein pressured Nasser to act against Israel.
What further deteriorated Israel’s and Syria’s relationship?
7th April 1967.
-Syrian guns fired at an Israeli tractor in the demilitarised zone.
-Israeli air force then attacked the gun positions and some villages so the Syrian air forces took to the skies
-Six Syrian planes were lost and the rest went back to Damascus.
What were the events that led to the six-day war? (1967)
13th May-USSR tells Nasser the Israelis are preparing for an attack.
15th May-Egyptian troops move to Sinai (Nasser order).
16th May-Peackeeprs told to leave Egypt.
18th May-Un troops leave and Egyptian troops mass on the border.
22nd May-Straits of Tiran closed. Israeli trade/oil blocked.
29th May-Nasser threatened Israel with 2 demands: Allow Palestinians to return and to return the land from 1948-49 war. Eskhol prepared for war.
30th May- Egypt/Jordan defence treaty.
31st May-Usa to support any action taken by Israel to open the straits.
1st June-Moshe Dayan is appointed as IDF leader.
4th June-Isreal decided to attack first (in secret).
Why did Nasser act in June 1967?
-Believed Syria was about to be attacked by Israel due to USSR’s false report.
-Wanted to show he was still leader.
-Eskhol looked weak after the Samu raid so Nasser thought he will give in.
-May have expected UN troops to not leave Sinai making war unlikely.
The six-day war.
Day 1-15th June. Israeli air force attacked Egyptian air forces/airfields followed by Syrias /Jordans. IDF advanced into Gaza and won control of the Gaza Strip from Egypt.
Day 2-6th June-Idf advance into the Sinai desert. Jordanian and Israeli fight for Jerusalem.
Day 3-7th June- IDF win control of Sinai and they capture Jerusalem. Jordan calls for a ceasefire.
Day 4-8th June -IDF win control of the West Bank from Jordan. Egypt accepts UN call for ceasefire.
Day 5-9th June-Idf launch an attack in the Golan Heights.
Day 6-10th June- Israel win Golan heights. Syria accept call for ceasefire.
What was the situation on day six?
-779 Israeli killed and 20,000 Arabs
-70,000 Km2 land taken by Israel.
-Arabs lost lots of aircraft/tanks.
-Israel’s attack justified-arabs seen as aggressive before.
-Israel’s military received great admiration.
-Arab force humiliated.
Terms of the UN resolution 242.
1) Israel had to return ‘territories occupied in the recent conflict’.
2) Arab countries must recognise Israel’s right to security and its right to exist.
3) The refugee problem must be settled fairly.
When was the UN Resolution 242 agreed upon by its members?
on 22 November 1967.
What were the responses to the UN resolution 242?
-Israel was willing to negotiate with Egypt, Jordan, and Syria over the territories-never said they’d withdraw.
-Palestinians insulted as they were called a problem and also angry that they didn’t get a right to return.
-Arab league conference -Khartoum August 1967-Israel had no right to exist.
At the start, Egypt and Jordan seemed to accept it but Israel had to withdraw from the land first.
What were the three nos that were decided in the Arab Conference League?
-No peace with Israel.
-No recognition of Israel.
-No negotiation with Israel.
The Suez canal was the new border between who?
Between Israel and Egypt.
What did Nasser get from the USSR after the 6-day war?
-Fighter jets and anti-aircraft missiles as well as 20,000 troops to build 80 missile bases. Jordan/Kuwait provide some support too.
The significance of the occupied territorie for israel.
Golan Heights-Syria-Contained fertile land-fresh water sources. home to 100,000 Syrians. Israel now had access to attack Syria.
Gaza Strip-Egypt-Home to 350,000 ppl. Many raids launched from there-Israel could prevent if taken over.
West Bank-Jordan-Fertile land near River Jordan. Home to 600,000 Palestinnains. Jordan had annexed it so felt it was thiers. Give Israel a protection zone.
SInai-Egypt-Oil reserves. Prevented canal usage. Protection zone.
East Jerusalem-Jordan-Sacred sites for Muslims, Jews and Christians.
What happened between Egypt and Israel mid-1968?
-Eygpt frequently bombed/raided Sinai. Israel retaliated by bombing towns, cities and oil refineries.
-Developed into the War of Attrition from March 1969 to August 1970. Soviet pilots joined Eypgt.
When did both Egypt and Israel agree to a ceasefire?
In August 1970. Did this as neither side would win.
Who creates the popular front for the liberation of Palestine (PFLP)?
George Habash (a Palestinian Christian).
Who did the PFLP join in 1968 and what do they do?
Joined PLO. Fatah’s attacks continued. Israel then destroyed the HQ in Kamareh as the Fatah blew up a school bus.
What did Fatah do in 1969?
They carried out over 2000 attacks on Israel.
-IDF retaliated-attacked bases in Lebanon/Syria.
When did Arafat become the chairman of the PLO?
In 1969.
The PFLP airplane hijacks, September 1970.
-6th-9th September 4 planes international planes hijacked.
-Taken to Dawson’s Field.
- 56 jews kept hostage in return for PFLP prisoners.
-Planes were blown up on the 12th of September as an attack was expected.
-30th September prisoners were released in exchange for the hostages.
Why were relations between the PLO and King Hussein strained?
Because Arafat led over half the population, the kIng had little control over his country, and also Israel kept bombing Jordan.
What was the Black September?
It was when the Jordanian troops killed about 2000 PLO fighters. Took until July 1971 for the King to regain control.
-PLO were expelled from Jordan and the new PLO HQ was in Beirut.
When did the most extremist group emerge and what was it called?
Emerged in September 1970 and was called the Black September.
Munich Olympics attack.
On 5th September 8 members shot two/took nine Israelis hostage in exchange for the release of 234 Palestinian prisoners.
-German police tried to free the hostages and all of them died alongside the terrorists.
-19th September-parcel bombs sent Israeli diplomats around the world. Some were signed Black September and they were blamed.
Many believe they were sent from Israel.
What did the Israeli PM come up with after the Munich attack?
Operation wrath of God.
-Launched to hunt down those responsible for the attack
-Did not deter Palestinians as they still joined the group.
What were the international attitudes after the Munich attack?
Huge publicity for the Palestinian attack
-Attack was condemned and Israel was shown great sympathy.
When did Nasser die and who repalced him?
Died on the 28th of September 1970 and Anwar Sadet replaced him.
What was Anwar’s main aim for Eygpt?
-To rebuild and strengthen the Egyptian economy and was willing to be flexible to achieve this.
What did Sadet do to ensure peace and improve trade?
-Tried to negotiate with Israeli PM Golda Meir for peace in return for Sinai. It was rejected.
-To improve relations with the USA he expelled the 15,000 military advisers. This did not work.
-Low-interest loans given by Saudi to buy weapons which reduced dependence on the USSR.
What steps has Israel taken to strengthen its hold on the occupied territories?
-Many Arabs arrested and jailed without trial or deported if they had links with terrorism.
-Roadblocks and checkpoints in the West Bank/Gaza.
-Jerusalem- Some Arabs were moved by force.
-In Sinai, a high wall was built alongside the canal and barbed wire behind (the Bar Lev Line) to prevent invasion.
-In the Golan Heights bunkers were dug to prevent Syrian invasion.
Key events of the Yom Kippur War.
1) 6th October 1973 Egypt attack the canal to invade Sinai.
Syria attacked the Golan heights took Israel by surprise.
2)8th October Israel attacked back.
Israel tanks/army pushed Arab forces back to their original lines and invaded both.
3) On 22nd October-UN called for a ceasefire. Israel agreed due to USA pressure.
Why did the USA pressure Israel to accept the ceasefire?
Because Arab countries went on an oil embargo (refusing to sell them oil.)
What was the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War?
-Israel had won but suffered heavy losses/lost confidence. Only won due to USA support.
-Arab’s confidence increased and so did their morale as they had nearly beaten Israel.
-Respect for Sadat had increased-he was much stronger.
-War nearly led to nuclear conflict.
When did the Arab states stop oil production in the USA?
In October 1973. They cut the rest of the production of oil by 25% to other countries.
What did the oil embargo in the USA lead to?
Inflation and high unemployment.
Why did the USSR want peace?
Because the Yom Kippur War nearly led to nuclear war.
Also, it was annoyed that Eygpt had wasted its weapons.
Why did Israel withdraw and agree to the ceasefire after the Yom Kippur War?
Because USA put pressure on them. (Israel relied on the USA for aid).
-They withdrew from Syria/Egypt.
Significance of the oil crisis.
-Oil weapon was very effective.
-Focused attention on the Middle East and trying to find lasting peace.
-USA’s attitude changed-had to improve relations. Peace was more important than Israel.
Who was Henry Kissinger and what did he do in 1974?
US secretary of state. Engaged in shuttle diplomacy. He traveled back and forth to all countries as they did not want to talk directly.
What were Kissinger’s successes/failures?
Success- Eygpt/Israle would withdraw troops from the canal.
-Syria/Egypt would allow UN observers in the Golan Heights.
-USA started to receive oil again-March 1974.
Failure
-Eygpt/Syria refused to recognise Israel.
-President Rabin wouldn’t withdraw Israeli troops from Sinai/Golan heights.
How was the Suez Canal cleaned up?
By Egyptian troops and then by sailors from Egypt, the UK, France and the USA.
When did the Suez Canal reopen?
5th June 1975.
When did Sadat visit Israel and why did he go?
Went in November 1977 as he wanted peace so Begin invited him over and he invited Begin in December 1977.
Peace talks took place but stopped at the Palestinian issue.
What did US President Carter do between Egypt and Israel?
-Wanted to achieve peace.
-Offered financial aid to Egypt if they made peace with Israel-one reason why Sadat wanted peace.
-disagreement took place-invited them to Camp David to continue talks.
-Both accepted it as they didn’t want to lose US aid.
The Camp David Accords 1978.
Egyptian-Israeli peace:
-Within 3 years Israel would leave Sinai.
-Israel to use the Tiran/canal.
-USA would give Egypt 1 billion every year for 10 years.
-USA would loan Israel 3 billion to pay for the withdrawal from Sinai.
Peace in the Middle East:
-Israel to accept the legitimated rights of the Palestinians.
-Palestinian council elected every 5 years in the West Bank/Gaza Israel would withdraw.
-After 5 years a decision would be made on how Gaza would be ruled.
Treaty of Washington March 1979.
-Formal peace treaty between Egypt and Israel/
-Egypt recognised Israel’s right to exist.
-Israel recognised Egypt’s right to live in peace-agreed to withdraw troops from Sinai.
-Israel could use the Straits of Tiran and the Suez Canal.
Why did the UN reject the framework for peace in the Middle East?
Because it wasnt consulted with the UN. Felt it didn’t go far for the Palestinians.
Why did many Arab states reject the Accords and the Washington Treaty?
Felt that Sadat had betrayed them and Eygpt was thrown out of the Arab league.
When was Sadat assassinated?
In 1981.
What position did the UN give to Arafat?
Observer status-PLO representatives could be part of the talks about the Palestinians.
What was the significance of the PLO in Lebanon?
-Military bases were established. Many raids were launched on Israel from there.
-Hope was given to the Palestinians.
-Supplied refugee camps with aid-set up schools/medical centers.
-South Lebanon became known as ‘Fatahland’. Arafat was seen as the leader by many.
Who did the PLO fight in 1975?
They fought the Lebanese Christians which led to Lebanese Muslims joining the PLO.
Israel supplied the Christians and Syria sent troops to them as they feared the PLO’s increasing strength.
-PLO had soviet weapons eg anti-aircraft missiles.
When and why did PLO militants hijack a bus?
March 11th 1978. Hijacked a bus in Tel Aviv to exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners. Many Israelis killed.
Known as the Coastal Road massacre.
In response, Israel invaded Lebanon killing civilians.
-Ceasefire- 1981 and Israel withdrew.
What was Operation Peace forGalilee?
When Israeli troops invaded Lebanon.
-Beirut was surrounded. 2 months without water/electricity. Civilians killed. Israel’s attacks were condemned.
-PLO went to Tunisia.
-Mid September Israel carried out a massacre on (refugee camps).
-USA - peace treaty then Israel started to leave.
-Israel was now more secure.
- Hezbollah created-an extremist Muslim group.
The Palestinian Intifada 1987-93.
-December 1987 Idf vehicle crashed into 2 vans killing Palestinians-believed to be deliberate.
Rioting took place.
-Isoldiers attacked with stones/petrol bombs.
-Israel attacks back with tear gas, rubber bullets and ammunition.
-United National Leadership of the uprising (UNLU) set up to boycott Israeli goods/services and refused to pay taxes.
What were the reasons for Arafat’s change of policy?
-Us gov refuse to negotiate with the PLO-terrorists activities/reufused to see Israel’s right to exist.
-USA would open negotiations if they recognised Israel.
-1998-King Hussein gave up Jordan claim to the west bank.
-Arafat wanted to build on sympathy from the intifada.
PLO wanted to win the right to negotiate for the Palestinians.
What did Arafat renounce in his December 1988 speech to the UN?
-Gave up and condemned all forms of terrorism.
-Repeated his belief there could be a two-state solution and asked Israel to begin negotiations.
-accepted UN Resolution 242.
What was the significance of Arafat’s renunciation of terrorism in a speech at the UN?
-USA to negotiate with the PLO and pressure Israel.
-Arafat’s popularity and acceptance in the wider world increased.
-Israel rejected Arafat’s proposal.
-Some Palestinians rejected Arafat.
-little difference made as attacks from Palestinians increased.
What was the USA’s involvement in the Gulf War?
-1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait- to control oil.
-Arafat support for Saddam Hussein-Saudi/Kuwait withdrew their support.
-USA -collation for Kuwait. Arabs wanted arab forces. US would withdraw their support.
-Iraq-divide forces and sent missiles to Israel-they didn’t retaliate.
-Jan 1991-Coalition of military forces. Operation Desert Storm. Kuwait was liberated in February.
-Arab nations held a favorable view of the USA.
What was the impact of the end of the Cold War?
-USSR collapsed-1991. USA only superpower.
-PLO lost support from the USSR.
-Arab countries lost financial/military support. More open to USA for aid.
-Jews migrated from the USSR to Israel.
-No threat from the USSR. USA could now play a neutral role. Applied more pressure on Israel to negotiate with PLO and the Arab countries.
Arafat, Rabin and the Oslo accords 1993.
-Arafat and Rabin began secret talks and Norway acted as an intermediary.
-Began in December 1993 before official talks took place in Oslo-1993.
-Both agreed to the Oslo accords. Signed on 13th september 1993.
What were the terms of the Oslo Accords?
-PLO rejected intifada/acknowledged Israel’s right to exist.
-Israel acknowledged the PLO as Palestinian representatives.
-Palestinian National Authority would govern West Bank/Gaza.
-Over 5yrs IDF to withdraw.
-End of 5yrs-peace treaty to be signed.
Why were the Oslo Accords a historic breakthrough?
-First time that both leaders negotiated and had the willingness to compromise.
-Most Israelis/Palestinians optimistic that a peaceful solution was within reach.
-Israel would have peace/security from the PLO.
-Palestinians right to their own land/they can govern it.
-Intifada stopped so the economy/people on both sides would benefit.
The setting up of the PNA.
1994.
-Initially run by PLO.
-Police force to prevent raids and to enforce the law.
-Elections were held.
-Arafat was elected and installed as president in 1996.
-Israeli troops were withdrawing.
-Responsible for education, health/welfare and taxation.
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 1994.
-King Hussein approached Israel due to economic problems which needed peace before they could be solved.
-USA cancel Jordan’s debt if peace was made.
-2nd Arab country to make peace/acknowledge Israel.
-Both countries agreed to work together.
Oslo II 1995.
-Gaza would gradually become under Palestinian control.
-West Bank to be divided into 3 areas:
Area A-3% controlled by PNA
Area B-25% Controlled by both. Israeli troops removed when security improved.
Area C-72% Israeli control but gradually transferred to the PNA.
What were the remaining issues of dispute?
-Jerusalem-who would rule it?
-Jewish settlers in the West Bank.
-Palestinian refugees in other countries.
-Precise borders.
-Most of Golan Heights remained under Israeli occupation tension with Syria remained high.
