Communication

Question 1

Explain how communication begins

Answer 1

Communication begins with a sender who encodes information with an intention

Question 2

What does the receiver do in communication

Answer 2

Transmitted to a receiver that decodes the message - interpretation of information

Question 3

What can influence encoding and decoding

Answer 3

Mood, noise, context

Question 4

What is noise

Answer 4

makes message hard to interpret

Question 5

Interpersonal gap:

Answer 5

the senders intentions differ from the effect on the receiver

Question 6

The five functions of nonverbal communication

Answer 6

Providing information, regulating interactions, defining nature of relationship, interpersonal influence, impression management

Question 7

Providing information:

Answer 7

behaviour allows others to make inferences about intentions, feelings, traits and meaning

Question 8

Regulating interactions:

Answer 8

Nonverbal behaviour provides cues that regulate efficient give and take of interactions

Question 9

Defining the nature of the relationship:

Answer 9

type of partnership can be evident

Question 10

Interpersonal influence:

Answer 10

goal-orientated behaviour to influence someone

Question 11

impression management:

Answer 11

enhance or create a particular image

Question 12

Main components of nonverbal communication

Answer 12

Facial expressions, Eyes and gazing behaviour,, Body movement, touch, interpersonal distance, smell, paralanguage

Question 13

are facial expressions universial:

Answer 13

We do not need socialization to develop facial expressions

Question 14

How do we modify facial expressions

Answer 14

• can be authentic or inauthentic
• Deliberately disguising true emotions
• can occur to display rules for what is appropriate
  Intensity, minimize, neutralize, mask

Question 15

Gazing behaviour:

Answer 15

Gives information - pupils, time looking, anxiety-provoking
- Defines the relationship

Question 16

Visual dominance ratio:

Answer 16

Compares “look-speak” to “look-listen” percentage of gazing
Higher ratio is more dominance

Question 17

Interpersonal distance model

Answer 17

Distance varies based on relationship
- Intimate 0-50 cm
- Personal 0.5-1m - friends
- Social 1-4 m - businesslike
- Public >4 m - structured interaction

Question 18

Paralanguage

Answer 18

what is being said but not the word - tone, rhythm, emphasis, pitch

Question 19

What is Mimicry:

Answer 19

participants in a conversation adopt similar postures and mannerisms, paralanguage, expressions

Question 20

Nonverbal sensitivity:

Answer 20

some people are better at reading cues from others - emotional intelligence can lead to better interactions; people do not interpret nonverbal behaviour well, dissatisfied with marriages

Question 21

Self-disclosure

Answer 21

Intimacy involves sharing personal information about oneself to one’s partner

Question 22

How do different attachment styles self-disclose

Answer 22

High in anxiety are more talkative - disclose too much too soon
Avoidance of intimacy engage in less self-disclosure

Question 23

Reciprocity in self-disclosure

Answer 23

• Builds trust through equal exchange
• Closeness involves communication increases in breadth and depth

Question 24

Social penetration theory:

Answer 24

• Beginning relationship: superficial
• Developing relationship: begin intimate discussion
• Close relationship: more intimate relationships

Question 25

Interpersonal process model of intimacy:

Answer 25

True intimacy develops when three conditions are met:
- Engaging in self-discolsure
- Authentic, open and honest reltionship
- Responsive partners with interest and empathy; including perceived partner responsiveness

Question 26

Secrets in communication

Answer 26

We keep some things private, penetration theory is never total; selective secrecy can continue to satisfaction

Question 27

Differences in verbal communication

Answer 27

1. Topics
2. Style
3. self-disclosure
4. instrumentality vs expressivity

Question 28

Expressivity:

Answer 28

Intimate verbal communication and comfortability talking about feelings. Intimacy is tied to a person’s expressivity

Question 29

Kitchen sinking:

Answer 29

address several topics at once - primary concern to get lost in the barrage of frustrations

Question 30

Off-beaming:

Answer 30

wandering from topic to topic so that the conversation never stays on one problem long enough to resolve it

Question 31

Mind-reading:

Answer 31

when people assume that they understand their partners’ thoughts, feelings, and opinions without asking - perceive unpleasant motives where neutral or positive ones actually exist

Question 32

Interrupting:

Answer 32

problematic to express disagreement

Question 33

Yes-butting:

Answer 33

​​finding something wrong or un-workable with anything their partners say

Question 34

Cross-complaining:

Answer 34

respond to a complaint with one of their own

Question 35

Criticism: ​​

Answer 35

attacks a partner’s personality or character instead of identifying a specific behavior that is causing concern

Question 36

Defensiveness:

Answer 36

partners seek to protect themselves from the unreasonable attack by making excuses

Question 37

Stonewalling:

Answer 37

withdrawing into a stony silence

Question 38

Belligerence:

Answer 38

aggressively rejecting the other altogether

Question 39

Contempt:

Answer 39

insults, mockery, or hostile humor

Question 40

Four horsemen of the relationship apocalypse:

Answer 40

criticism, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling

Question 41

Improving communication:

Answer 41

Use I-statements, XYZ, active listening, perception checking, asking for clarification, remaining calm, validation

Question 42

Remaining calm: - negative affect reciprocity

Answer 42

negative affect reciprocity in which they’re contemptuous of each other, with each being scornful of what the other has to say

Question 43

Validation:

Answer 43

acknowledges the legitimacy of their opinions and communicates respect for their positions