Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Limb 2

Question 1

Knee Joint

Answer 1

Type: hinge
– articulation between the femoral condyles and superior aspect of tibial
condyles
– articulation between the patella and the femur

Question 2

Menisci

Answer 2

-fibrocartilaginous C-shaped
cartilages
medial and lateral meniscus are interconnected by anteriorly by a transverse ligament of
the knee

Question 3

Patellar ligament

Answer 3

the continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon

inferior to the patella

Question 4

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Answer 4

medial femoral condyle to the medial aspect of

tibia

Question 5

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Answer 5

lateral femoral condyle to the

fibular head

Question 6

Anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 6

Prevents anterior
displacement of the
tibia relative to the
femur
• prevents posterior
displacement of the
femur
-Anterior drawer test

Question 7

Posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 7

Restricts posterior
displacement of
the tibia relative
to the femur
• restricts anterior
displacement of
the femur
-Posterior drawer test

Question 8

Locking Mechanism

Answer 8

When standing, the knee joint is locked into
position, thereby reducing the amount of
muscle work needed to maintain the
standing position.

Question 9

Locking mechanism is achieved by:

Answer 9

– The change in the shape and size of the
femoral surfaces that articulate with the
tibia during extension. The joint surfaces
become larger and more stable in extension.
– Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia
during extension that tightens all the
associated ligaments

Question 10

how does the popliteus muscle unlock the knee

Answer 10

unlocks the knee by
initiating lateral rotation of the femur on
the tibia.

Question 11

Genu Varus

Answer 11

Changes in the
distribution of weight to
the tibia can cause
increase the space between the
femur and patellar

Question 12

Genu Valgus

Answer 12

Changes in the
distribution of weight to
the tibia can cause a decrease in the space between the
femur and patellar

Question 13

Unhappy Triad

Answer 13

Excessive force to the lateral side of
the knee (valgus pressure)

Question 14

Suprapatellar bursa:

Answer 14

continuous with the
articular cavity superiorly between the distal
end of the shaft of the femur and the
quadriceps femoris muscle and tendon

Question 15

bursae associated with the knee but
not normally communicating with the
articular cavity include

Answer 15

– subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
(housemaid knee)
– deep and infrapatellar bursa
– subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
(clergyman’s knee)

Question 16

Knee bursae

Answer 16

• Anteriorly, the synovial membrane is

separated from the patellar ligament by an infrapatellar fat pad

Question 17

leg compartments ;Anterior compartment

Answer 17

• extensor
compartment
• deep fibular nerve
• Dorsiflexion
(extension) of
foot
• inversion

Question 18

leg compartment ; Posterior compartment

Answer 18

• flexor
compartment
• tibial nerve
• planterflexion
(flexion) of
the foot
• inversion

Question 19

leg compartment :

Answer 19

• superficial
fibular nerve
• eversion of
foot

Question 20

gastrocnemius

Answer 20

• tibial nerve
• plantarflexes ankle
join/foot and flexes
the knee/leg

Question 21

plantaris (vestigial)

Answer 21

tibial nerve
• plantarflexes ankle
join/foot and flexes
the knee/leg

Question 22

soleus

Answer 22

• tibial nerve
• plantarflexes ankle
join/foot

Question 23

triceps surae

Answer 23

propels the body

forward when walking

Question 24

Popliteal fossa

Answer 24

Diamond-shaped space behind the knee

joint

Question 25

popliteus

Answer 25

* tibial nerve | * unlocks the knee

Question 26

flexor digitorum longus

Answer 26

* tibial nerve | * flexes lateral 4 toes

Question 27

flexor hallucis longus

Answer 27

* tibial nerve | * flexes the great toe

Question 28

tibialis posterior

Answer 28

``` • tibial nerve • plantarflexion & inversion of ankle joint/foot • support arch of foot ```

Question 29

extensor digitorum | longus

Answer 29

``` • deep fibular nerve • dorsiflexion of ankle joint/ foot • extension of four lateral toes ```

Question 30

fibularis | tertius

Answer 30

• deep fibular nerve • Dorsiflexion and eversion of ankle joint/foot

Question 31

extensor hallucis | longus

Answer 31

``` • deep fibular nerve • dorsiflexion of ankle joint/foot • extension of big toe ```

Question 32

tibialis anterior

Answer 32

``` • deep fibular nerve • dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle joint/foot • Support arch of foot ```

Question 33

Extensor digitorum brevis

Answer 33

Deep fibular nerve | • Extension of toes II-IV

Question 34

Extensor hallucis brevis

Answer 34

Deep fibular nerve • Extension of MTPJ of big toe

Question 35

fibularis longus

Answer 35

• superficial fibular nerve • eversion of ankle joint/foot • support arch of foot

Question 36

fibularis brevis

Answer 36

superficial fibular nerve • eversion of ankle joint/foot

Question 37

Posterior tibial artery origin ;

Answer 37

``` – originates from the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa and enters the posterior compartment of the leg ```

Question 38

Posterior tibial artery gives which branches :

Answer 38

* fibular | * circumflex fibular

Question 39

what supplies the posterior and lateral compartments of the leg

Answer 39

Posterior tibial artery4 Perforating arteries from the fibular artery supply the lateral compartment

Question 40

what supplies the anterior compartment of the leg :

Answer 40

Anterior tibial artery

Question 41

Anterior tibial artery origin

Answer 41

Passes forward into the anterior compartment of the leg through an aperture in the interosseous membrane

Question 42

Tibial nerve injury

Answer 42

Patients are unable to plantarflex the ankle joint. They also have decreased inversion of the ankle joint. Loss of sensation on the posteriorlateral leg and the sole of the foot ``` All functions (except for extension) of the intrinsic joints of the feet will be lost ```

Question 43

Common fibular nerve injury

Answer 43

lateral and anterior compartments affected • Foot drop is the result due to loss of dorsiflexion. There will also be decreased inversion of the foot. There will be loss of extension of the digits high -stepping gait and/or swing out the leg - Loss of sensation on the inferior-anterior leg and dorsum of foot