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MSK 💪🏾 > clinical anatomy of the lower limb 1 : > Flashcards

clinical anatomy of the lower limb 1 : Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint

A

ball and socket

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2
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

-hinge joint
-tibia and fibula linked by
interosseous
membrane

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3
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint

A

-hinge joint

• tibia, fibula and tarsal bone

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4
Q

Gait cycle

A

heel strike to heel strike

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5
Q

Gait cycle - phases

A

-Stance: 60%

• Swing: 40%

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6
Q

what covers the head of the femur

A

articular cartilage

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7
Q

acetabulum

A

-partially covered with cartilage

– deepened by fibrocartilage

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8
Q

what are the 3 main ligaments of the joint capsule :

A

-Ilio -femoral ligament
– pubo-femoral ligament
– ischio-femoral ligament
– ligament of the head of femur

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9
Q

what are the lateral rotators of the gluteal region :

A 
-piriformis
• gemellus superior
• obturator internus
• gemellus inferior
• quadratus femoris
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10
Q

what are the extensors of the gluteal region :

A

-gluteus maximus

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11
Q

what are the abductors and medial rotators of the gluteal region :

A

-gluteus medius

• gluteus minimus

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12
Q

Motor and sensory innervation of the gluteal region :

A

branches of sacral plexus

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13
Q

openings of the gluteal region :

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

Blood supply of the gluteal region :

A

branches of internal iliac

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15
Q

Tensor fasciae

lata function ;

A 
• abducts
thigh/ hip
joint
• stabilizes the
knee in
extension
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16
Q

Gluteus medius function

A 
abducts and
medially
rotates the
thigh/hip
joint
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17
Q

Gluteus minimus fufnction

A 
• abducts and
medially
rotates the
thigh/hip
joint
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18
Q

Gluteus maximus

A 
• extends the flexed thigh/hip joint
• lateral stabilizer of the hip and
knee
• abducts and assists in lateral
rotation of thigh/ hip joint
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19
Q

gluteal maximus innervaton

A

inferior gluteal nerve

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20
Q

tensor fasciae ,gluteus med and min innervation

A

superior gluteal

nerve

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21
Q

what happens during the normal gait

A 
Contraction of the
gluteus medius and
minimus on the stance
leg
this prevents tipping to the unsupported side
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22
Q

positive Trendelenburg sign

A
  • The superior gluteal nerved is injured

- waddling gait

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23
Q

Piriformis

A

nerve to piriformis (S1 & S2) • lateral rotator of the
thigh/hip joint &
abducts flexed
thigh/hip joint

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24
Q

Gemellus inferior

A 
nerve to quadratus
femoris 
• lateral rotator of the
thigh/hip joint &
abducts flexed
thigh/hip joint
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25
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

nerve to quadratus femoris • lateral rotator of the

thigh/hip joint

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26
Q

Obturator internus

A

nerve to obturator internus • lateral rotator of the
thigh/hip joint &
abducts flexed
thigh/hip joint

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27
Q

Gemellus superior

A 
nerve to obturator
internus • lateral rotator
of the
thigh/hip joint
& abducts
flexed
thigh/hip joint
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28
Q

blood supply to the hip joint, upper

thigh and gluteal region ?

A 
anastomosis of femoral, inferior
gluteal, superior gluteal, and
obturator arteries, together with
branches from the internal pudendal
and femoral arteries
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29
Q

Trochanteric anastomosis:

A 
branches of medial and
lateral circumflex arteries
• inferior gluteal artery
• branch of the superior
gluteal
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30
Q

Cruciate anastomosis:

A 
• branches medial and
lateral circumflex femoral
arteries
• branch of 1st perforating
branch of profunda
femoris artery
• branch of inferior gluteal
artery
31
Q

Blood supply to the head of the femur :

A

-Medial and lateral circumflex
femoral arteries
-Acetabular branch of obturator
artery

32
Q

Intra-capsular – fracture of the femoral

neck eg subcapital

A

– damages the retinacular arteries
– compromises blood supply to the
head of femur
– risk of avascular necrosis

33
Q

Extra-capsular – intertrochanteric

fracture

A

does not affect blood supply to

the joint

34
Q

Both intra and extracapsular fractures result

in …..

A

external rotation of the leg with some

shortening.

35
Q

acquired coxa vara

A

decrease in angle

between neck and shaft

36
Q

Subcutaneous tissue lies beneath the skin.

Contains:

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • fat
  • cutaneous nerves
  • superficial veins
  • lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
37
Q

fascia lata

A

thickened deep fascia in thigh and gluteal
region, attached along a line that defines the upper
margin of the lower limb and is continuous with the
fascia of the leg inferiorly

38
Q

iliotibial tract

A

-longitudinal band along the lateral
margin of the limb from the anterolateral tubercle of
the iliac crest to the lateral condyle of the tibia

39
Q

fascia cruris

A

– fascia in the leg

40
Q

Thigh Compartments- Anterior compartment

A

• Femoral nerve
• Flexors of thigh
• Extensors of the
knee

41
Q

Thigh Compartments-Posterior compartment

A

Sciatic nerve
• Extend the thigh
• Flex the knee

42
Q

Thigh Compartments-Medial compartment

A 
• Obturator nerve
• Adductors of thigh
• Except hamstring part
of adductor magnus
• Part of pectineus
43
Q

lower limb -Posterior compartment muscles

A

semitendinosus
• semimembranosus
• biceps femoris (dual innervation

44
Q

lower limb -Posterior compartment sensory innervation :

A

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve(S1-S3)

45
Q

lower limb -Posterior compartment openings :

A

adductor hiatus

46
Q

lower limb -Posterior compartment blood supply :

A

perforating branches of deep femoral artery

47
Q

semimembranosus

A 
origin: ischial tuberosity
• sciatic nerve (tibial part)
• function:
• flexes the leg/knee
joint
• extends the
thigh/hip joint
48
Q

biceps femoris

A 
origin: long head (LH): ischial
tuberosity
• origin: short head (SH): femur
• sciatic nerve: LH (tibial part),
SH (common fibular part)
• function:
• LH - flexes the leg/knee
joint. extends the thigh/ hip
joint
• SH - flexes the leg/knee
join
49
Q

Sciatic nerve

A 
• Combination of two nerves
-common fibular
-tibia
-exits the pelvis
below the piriformis
• Separates proximal to the
popliteal fossa
50
Q

Anterior compartment-MUSCLES

A

-iliopsoas
• sartorius
• quadriceps femoris

51
Q

Lower limb-Anterior compartment-OPENINGS(CANAL)

A

Femoral canal, subsartorial (adductor/Hunter’s) canal

52
Q

Lower limb -Anterior compartment-BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Femoral artery and its branches

53
Q

rectus

femoris

A 
quadriceps femoris tendon,
patella ligament
• femoral nerve
• flexes the thigh/ hip joint,
extends the leg/knee joint
54
Q

vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis

A 
quadriceps femoris
tendon, patella
ligament
• femoral nerve
• extends the leg/knee
joint
55
Q

ilio-psoas

A

anterior rami L1-3/ femoral
nerve
• flexes the thigh/hip joint

56
Q

sartorius

A
  • femoral nerve
  • flexes the thigh/hip joint
  • flexes the leg/knee joint
57
Q

lower limb-Medial compartment:MUSCLES

A
  • pectineus (dual innervation)
  • gracilis
  • adductors
  • obturator externus
58
Q

lower limb-Medial compartment:MOTOR & SENSORY INNERVATION:

A

obturator and tibial nerves

59
Q

lower limb-Medial compartment:BLOOD SUPPLY

A

obturator artery

60
Q

adductor

longus

A

obturator nerve
• adducts and medially
rotates the thigh/hip
joint

61
Q

adductor brevis

A

• obturator nerve
• adducts and medially
/hip join

62
Q

adductor

magnus

A 
• adductor part:
• obturator nerve
• hamstring part:
• sciatic (tibial) nerve
• adducts and medially /hip
joint
63
Q

pectineus

A

• femoral and obturator nerve
• adducts and flexes thigh/hip
joint
g

64
Q

gracilis

A

• obturator nerve
• adducts thigh and flexes leg/
knee joint

65
Q

obturator

externus

A

• obturator nerve
• lateral rotation of
the thigh/hip joint

66
Q

lateral circumflex femoral artery:

A

passes deep to sartorius and rectus femoris
• ascending branch
• descending branch
• transverse branch

67
Q

• medial circumflex femoral artery

A
  • one branch ascends to the trochanteric fossa

* one passes laterally to participate in the cruciate anastomosis

68
Q

• perforating arteries

A

• penetrate adductor magnus and supply posterior compartment
• ascending and descending branches that interconnect forming
a longitudinal channel

69
Q

Femoral Sheath

A

inferior extension of the
transversalis fascia and the
iliopsoas fascia from the abdomen.

70
Q

femoral canal

A

contains

lymph nodes.

71
Q

▪ Femoral ring

A 
pening of
this canal superiorly is
potentially a weak point in
the lower abdomen and is
the site for femoral
hernias
72
Q

Femoral triangle Borders:

A 
• superior: inguinal ligament (forms the
base)
• medial: medial border of the adductor
longus
• lateral: medial border of the sartorius
• roof: fascia lata
• floor: pectineus, iliopsoas and the
adductor longus
73
Q

Adductor canal

A

fascial tunnel in the middle third of

the thigh

MSK 💪🏾 (36 decks)

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