Chpt. 25, Global Independence Movements Flashcards
Congress Party (the Indian National Congress)
a Hindu-dominated party in India that claimed to represent all the people of India
Muslim League
an organization in India that was dedicated to the promotion of Muslim interests
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
the leader of the Muslim League, he had once been a member of the Congress Party; once he became the leader of the Muslim League, he proclaimed that he was against Indian independence if it meant rule by the Congress Party
the Great Calcutta Killing
a riot that took place between Muslims and Hindus in 1946, resulting in the deaths of about 6,000 people
Indian independence
on July 16, 1947, the British House of Commons partitioned the Indian subcontinent into two nations: India, primarily Hindu, and Pakistan, primarily Muslim; nonetheless, the killings continued because those who did not move to their allotted area were now minorities
Jawaharlal Nehru
the first prime minister of India, he was devoted to the economic modernization of his country, and led India to enlist the support of other newly independent nations in an alliance independent of either the US or the USSR
British Commonwealth
when they became independent, India and Pakistan became Dominion members in this, and adopted English as their official language
Indira Gandhi
this woman, Nehru’s daughter, became prime minister of India upon Nehru’s death; she faced problems such as overpopulation and conflict between religious groups; when she suspended the democratic process and imposed strict national birth control policies, she was voted out of office in 1977; she returned to power in 1980, but was killed by two of her Sikh bodyguards in 1984
green revolution
under Indira’s rule, agricultural production increased after the implementation of this; wealthier farmers tended to reap the benefits while peasant farmers sank deeper into poverty
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira’s son, he succeeded her in 1984; after his party was accused of corruption, he lost leadership of the Indian government in 1989; in 1991, he was killed with a terrorist bomb
Benazir Bhutto
the woman who served as prime minister of Pakistan after it’s independence
Bangladesh
Pakistan had been divided into East and West from it’s independence, when East Pakistan broke off to form it’s own nation, it referred to itself ad this
Benazir Bhutto
a politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996
Nawaz Sharif
the ouster of Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan in 1997, he himself was ousted in a military coup later that year
Tamils
while the majority of Sri Lanka’s population are Buddhist, this is a Sri Lankan group of Hindus, some of whom desire an independent nation; throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the two religious groups were engaged in guerilla warfare
Indonesian independence
ethnically diverse, Indonesia became one of the world’s most populous nations and the nation with the world’s largest Islamic population; throughout their colonial rule in Indonesia, Dutch officials had prevented Indonesian higher education; during WW2, the Dutch system had been destroyed by Japanese occupation
Sukarno
an man who rose to lead the Indonesian independent movement and assembled a guerrilla army during the time of WW2; in 1949, the Dutch granted Indonesia it’s independence; he failed in his attempt to create a parliamentary democracy
Suharto
in 1965, this general put down a coup, only to subsequently seize power for himself; appointed president in 1967, he converted Indonesia into a police state characterized by bribery, corruption, discrimination against Chinese, and persecution against Christians
Bell Act
on July 4, 1946, the US granted independence to the Philippines, making it the first colony to achieve independence following WW2; this act, reluctantly approved by the Philippines, granted them war damages in exchange for the establishment of free trade between the Philippines and US for 8 years; after that period, tariffs gradually rose
Ferdinand Marcos
from 1966 to 1986, this was the president of the Philippines; his administration imposed authoritarian role and stole millions of dollars from the nation’s treasury; from 1972 to 1981, he imposed martial law upon the Philippines
Benigno Aquino
the chief opponent of Marcos in the Philippines who was assassinated as he returned to the Philippines from a trip to the US
Corazon Aquino
the widow of Benigno Aquino; in the 1986 elections in the Philippines, she ran against Marcos and won, exiling him to Hawaii where he later died
Fidel Ramos
the successor to Corazon Aquino in 1992, his presidency was restricted to a single six-year term so that the abuses of the 20-year Marcos regime would never be repeated
Négritude
the celebration of the black race and it’s accomplishments
Kwame Nkrumah
the leader of the British-controlled Gold Coast in their independence efforts; he became it’s first prime minister and later the president for life; he became involved in the Pan-African Congress, and founded his own group, the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Marcus Garvey
the Jamaican-born instigator of a pan-African movement whose goal was the creation of an Africa ruled by Africans; he founded the Pan-African Congress in 1945
Nigerian independence
Nigeria gained it’s independence from Great Britain in 1960; the most populous and prosperous country in Africa, it was also ethnically diverse, a situation that led to civil war; after the civil war, the Nigerians attempted to rebuild and modernize their country, becoming one of the world’s largest oil producers and a member of OPEC; in 1983, the Hausa-Fulani staged a coup and formed a government that discriminated against other ethnic groups; in 1999, a new constitution was adopted, and civilian government was restored
Jomo Kenyatta
a British-educated Kenyan nationalist who worked for Kenyan independence from Great Britain, which was achieved in 1963; at this point, Kenyatta was elected as the first president
Mau Mau
a secret organization in Kenya that was composed primarily of Kikuyu farmers who had been driven off the good land by the British; they worked against the British
Daniel arap Moi
the man whose administration followed Kenyatta’s death in 1978 he faced demonstrations in favor of a more democratic government; in 2002, free elections resulted in a new party gaining power
Patrice Lumumba
when the Belgian-controlled Congo received its independence in 1960, this person became it’s first prime minister
Moise Tshombe
when the Congo received independence, this was a local leader who established leadersip over the southeastern province of Katanga, which was rich in copper mines; thus, the area was not unified
