Chpt. 14, Expansion of the Islamic World

Question 1

ghazi

Answer 1

warriors for Islam

Question 2

Osman Bey

Answer 2

one of the most noteworthy ghazi, he ruled the Ottoman dynasty from 1281 to about 1326; his dynasty would rule in unbroken succession from 1289 until 1923; “Ottoman” is derived from his name

Question 3

emir

Answer 3

Muslim rulers who allied with each other and engaged in one conquest after another

Question 4

Adrianople

Answer 4

a second capital the Ottomans added in 1361 (in addition to Istanbul), giving them a secure foothold in the Balkans

Question 5

Tamerlane

Answer 5

a rebellious Muslim warrior from Samarkand in central Asia who came onto the scene in the early 15th century while the Ottomans were quickly rising to power; he massacred the population of Delhi, making a pyramid of their skulls; he defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, and took the Ottoman sultan away in an iron cage

Question 6

Bosporus Strait

Answer 6

Mehmet the 2nd’s conquest of Constantinople gave him control of this, which allowed the Ottomans free entry into the Black Sea

Question 7

Selim the Grim

Answer 7

an effective Ottoman sultan who defeated the Persians (Safavids) at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514

Question 8

Suleiman 1 (to his subjects: Suleiman the Lawgiver; to Europeans: Suleiman the Magnificent)

Answer 8

the ruler of the Ottoman Empire at it’s height, from 1520 to 1566; his failure to conquer Vienna crushed Ottoman hopes of expansion into Europe

Question 9

janissaries

Answer 9

slaves from the conquered Christian territories

Question 10

devshirme

Answer 10

a policy of removing Christian boys (mainly from the Balkans) from their families, giving them an education, and appointing them to the military or bureaucracy; they were good administrators because they were not biased by (Muslim) inter-clan rivalries

Question 11

millets

Answer 11

an autonomous, self-governing (but still ruled by the Ottomans) religious community that was responsible for certain of its own administrative duties

Question 12

dar al-Islam

Answer 12

the “House of Islam,” it those regions that are predominantly Muslim and are governed according to Shari’ah law

Question 13

dar al-sulh

Answer 13

the “House of Peace,” it is those regions where Muslims live as a minority, but are at peace and can practice their religion freely

Question 14

dar al-harb

Answer 14

the “House of Conflict,” it is those regions where Muslims live as a minority and struggle against the external social and political environment

Question 15

Rajputs

Answer 15

Arab, Muslim rulers of tiny kingdoms in India who invaded after the fall of the Gupta and composed India’s political landscape

Question 16

Delhi Sultanate

Answer 16

a loosely unified Turkish empire that brought some degree of organization to a weakened India shortly after 1,000 AD when they invaded; Hindus continued to be oppressed

Question 17

Hindi

Answer 17

a local Indian language that is still widely spoken today, it is what commoners spoke

Question 18

Urdu

Answer 18

a new language that emerged from the cultural blend of soldiers in the Mughal armies; it was a blend of Persian literary forms and Arabic characters; it is the official language of Pakistan today

Question 19

Sikhs

Answer 19

a generally peaceful people whose philosophy blended Hinduism and Islam, they responded to the policies of Aurangzeb by forming a militant union against him

Question 20

Goa

Answer 20

a Portuguese trading post that was allowed to set up a Christian mission in India