Chpt. 21, Totalitarianism and Nationalism Flashcards
Alexander 2
the Russian czar who decided after the Crimean War that Russia needed to take steps in order to keep pace with the modernization of other nations; he began his reforms by freeing the serfs in 1861, replacing serfdom with peasant communities; nonetheless, the peasants still had to pay the Russian government for their land, while the nobles received government payment for their land
Alexander 3
in 1881, Alexander 2 was assassinated, and this man, his successor, increased the czar’s control over Russia while promoting industrial development; although western nationalist sentiment that promoted democracy was growing in Russia, this man continued along the path of autocracy by encouraging the secret police and imposing strict censorship of written materials; political dissidents were exiled to remote Siberia
pogroms
organized violence against Jewish people; Jews were subjected to this in Russia, as well as being forced to live in areas segregated from other Russians; this was part of an effort to establish a national Russian culture
Nicholas 2
coming to the throne of Russia in 1894, he vowed that he would continue in the autocratic tradition of his father, Alexander 3; nonetheless, he heavily industrialized, primarily though state-sponsored heavy industries such as railroads, armament factories, and steel manufacturing; during his reign, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed, stretching across Russia
Mensheviks
a group of Marxists who by 1903 differed with other Marxist parties in that it wanted to further industrialize before gaining support from the proletariat for a revolution
Bolsheviks
a group of Marxists who by 1903 wanted radical change executed by a small group of extremely committed revolutionaries
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
the exiled leader of the Bolsheviks, he maintained contact with them until he could return to Russia from Europe
Russo-Japanese War
the Russian loss in this war to the seemingly insignificant islands of Japan in 1905 hurt national morale
Bloody Sunday
an event in January 1905 in which workers and their families marched on the czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; Czar Nicholas was not there, but his generals ordered soldiers to fire on the protesters, killing several hundred and wounding more than 1,000
Duma
the first Russian parliament, it was created by Czar Nicholas in response to popular demands; meeting for the first time in May 1906, it was led by moderates who wanted to pattern the Russian government after the constitutional monarchy of Great Britain; it was soon dissolved by Nicholas, and never wielded enough power to reform the Russian government
Czarina Alexandra
the wife of Czar Nicholas, she ran the government when Nicholas moved his headquarters to the front during WW1
Alexis
the son of Czarina Alexandra and future heir to the throne, Alexandra became increasingly preoccupied with his health while Nicholas was away; he had hemophilia
Rasputin
a mysterious, self-proclaimed holy man who seemingly relieved the symptoms of Alexis Romanov; Alexandra fell under his spell and began allowing him to make important decisions; he was assassinated in 1916 by a group of nobles
March Revolution
starting with riots in March 1917, it was a general protest against Czar Nicholas that forced him to abdicate the throne; in July 1918, Bolshevik revolutionaries executed the czar and his family
Alexander Kerensky
the leader of a provisional government that was set up to replace Czar Nicholas; he was determined to continue Russian participation in WW1
soviets
local councils of peasants, laborers, and soldiers that some revolutionaries organized themselves into; in 1922 Lenin restructured the Russian government into self-governing republics known as these, united under the central government, the USSR
White Army
an army of those who opposed Bolshevik policies
Red Army
the army that supported the Bolsheviks
Leon Trotsky
a Bolshevik leader of the Red Army
New Economic Policy (NEP)
a new policy introduced by Lenin in March 1921 that allowed a degree of capitalism and also sought foreign investment; it broke with Lenin’s vision of a state-controlled command economy; individuals could sell goods for profit; by 1928, the economy had improved
Communist Party
despite the pretenses made in the constitution passed by the Bolsheviks (now calling themselves the Communists), this is where the actual power resided
Stalin
when Lenin died in 1924, Leon Trotsky vied for leadership with this person; in 1928, this person assumed total control of the Communist Party, and in 1929 forced Trotsky into exile
totalitarian state
a state characterized by the rule of only one party whose beliefs support the welfare of the state above all else; the state controls all aspects of public and private life, and force is often used to crush any opposition; Stalin immediately went about creating one of these
Great Purge
a bloody campaign in orchestrated by Stalin in which anyone suspected of disloyalty to the Communist government was killed
command economy
an economy in which economic consumption decisions are in the hands of the government, not the “consumer”
Five-Year Plan
a plan to industrialize the USSR by increasing production of commodities such as coal, oil, steel, and electricity; the emphasis on heavy industry led to a shortage of consumer goods; this (along with a second one after the first) was successful in improving the Soviet economy, though not as much as Stalin had hoped
collective farming
a move by Stalin in 1928 in which the government seized millions of private farms, combined them into large collective farms, and shared profits between all farmers; while eventually it had mild successful, between 5 and 10 million peasants died during it’s institution
kulaks
wealthier peasants who had become prosperous during the days of the NEP; collective farming was enforced most harshly against them
Revolutionary Alliance
in 1912, the Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China since 1664, was overthrown by this
Sun Yixian
the leader of the Revolutionary Alliance, he was a physician who had lived in the US
Guomindang; aka Nationalist Party
a new party in China that Sun became the first leader of; along with this, he also became the leader of the new republic in China
Yuan Shiakai
after six weeks, Sun turned his power over to this man, a warlord who ruled as military dictator; after his death, sects ramped up their fighting; the main fighting was between the Communists and the Guomindang
China in WW1
in 1917, China declared war on Germany in the hope that the Allies would win the war and then return German-controlled areas of China to the Chinese; the Treaty of Versailles, however, granted Japan privileges and territories in China that had previously belonged to Germany
May Fourth Movement
demonstrations that were a reaction to the news from the Treaty of Versailles; the Guomindang supported the movement, but it was too weak to impose central rule on China
Mao Zedong
a Chinese young person and teacher who was among the many educated Chinese who abandoned Sun Yixian’s support of democracy and instead adopted Lenin’s type of communism
Jiang Jieshi
the new leader of the Guomindang when Sun Yixian died in 1925; this man’s supporters, primarily businesspeople and merchants, feared the creation of a new socialist economy in China
Long March
in 1930, civil war broke out between the Communists and Nationalists; in 1933 Jiang’s army surrounded the Communists; in 1934, Mao executed this 6,000-mile-long retreat
Amritsar Massacre
a peaceful demonstration of Hindus and Muslims; this killed about 400 of their people, and causes the Latin America to hear more assurance from us
Mohandas K. Gandhi; aka Mahatma Gandhi
an emerging leader of the independence movement; was soon called the Mahatma, or “Great Soul”; his philosophy derived from the major world religions, especially Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity
Indian National Congress
Mohandas Gandhi transformed this group from an organization appealing to a basically elitist group into a mass organization that carried out the ideals of Indian nationalism
civil disobedience
the key strategy of Mohandas Gandhi, it was essentially passive resistance; it was public refusal to obey a law that was perceived as unjust
Government of India Act
an act passed by the British government in 1935, largely as a result of Gandhi’s efforts; it granted local self-rule and some democratic elections
Muslim League
an organization whose head proposed a separate state for Muslims (as the colonization system began to fall apart)
Mustafa Kemal
the Ottoman Empire was greatly weakened by 1919; all that remained was Anatolia and a strip of land surrounding Istanbul; in 1922, under the leadership of this man (a Russian traitor), the Turks fought back the Greeks and deposed the last Ottoman sultan
Reza Shah Pahlavi’s speech
after WW1, British attempts at control produced a Persian revolt, resulting in this man’s rise to power in 1925; changing the name of his country from Persia to Iran in 1935, he created public schools, promoted industry, built up the transportation network, and assured greater rights for women; at the same time, he ensured total governmental power for himself
Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud
a man who began an effort to unify Arabs and build power in 1902; he introduced some modern technology, but no major democratic reforms; in 1932, he unified the areas he ruled into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; he ruled it from 1932 until his death in 1953
satyagraha
what Gandhi’s type of civil disobedience is referred to as
oil boom
a major change came to the Saudi economy in the 1920s and 1930s with the discover of vast petroleum deposits not only in Saudi Arabia but also in Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait (basically the Persian Gulf region); these countries would become wealthy as oil exporters, but would also have to deal with the Western nations’ attempts to control the oil-rich area
