Chpt. 17, Revolution and Nationalist Movements Flashcards
constitutional monarchy
a government in which the monarch’s power is limited by law; while many European monarchs ruled through absolute monarchy, England establish this form of government early on
Elizabeth 1
an English monarch who managed the Parliament with skill, though she received increasing challenge from the Puritans there; she died childless in 1603
James 1
originally James Stuart of Scotland, he was the cousin of Elizabeth 1, and inherited her throne when she died in 1603; unlike Elizabeth, James spent much of his reign battling Parliament, especially over money
King James Version (of the Bible)
a version of the Bible that was published under King James of England in 1611, and is still in use today
Charles 1
the English monarch starting in 1625; in 1628, he asked Parliament to grant him funds to fight war with France and Spain, but Parliament did not consent until he signed the Petition of Right
Petition of Right
a document that the English Parliament wanted Charles 1 to sign; he refused to sign it because it placed conditions on the monarch’s rule, preventing him from:
- imprisoning his subjects without due cause
- housing the military in private homes
- imposing martial law in times of peace
- imposing taxes without the consent of Parliament
Oliver Cromwell
the Puritan leader of the English Civil War, he executed Charles 1 for treason in 1649; he originally established a republican form of government called the Commonwealth, but eventually governed as a military dictator until his death in 1658, when the monarchy was restored to Charles 2
Charles 2
the older son of Charles the 1 who was asked to rule England in 1659, his reign was referred to as the Restoration (of the monarchy); he died childless
Habeas Corpus Act
passed by the English Parliament under Charles the 2nd in 1679, it ensured that prisoners would not be held without reason
Whigs and Tories
the debate over who should succeed Charles the 2nd, it divided England into these two groups, which were the predecessors of England’s political parties
James 2
succeeding Charles 2 on his death in 1685, he was a Catholic
Glorious Revolution
a bloodless revolt in 1688 in which Protestants in Parliament invited William of Orange and his wife Mary (both were Protestant), daughter of James 2, to rule England
William and Mary
the successors to King James 2 in 1688, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that was proposed by Parliament in 1689
English Bill of Rights
agreed to by William and Mary in 1689, it stated that monarchs could not:
- suspend a law of Parliament
- levy taxes without the consent of Parliament
- hinder freedom of speech in Parliament
- prevent a citizen from petitioning the monarch regarding grievances
Thomas Hobbes
an English philosopher who published Leviathan in 1651, in which he argued that people are naturally greedy, selfish, and cruel, proposed the concept of the social contract, and concluded that the best government is an absolute monarchy
social contract
the concept that government occurs when people give up the state of nature (anarchy) to a ruler in order to obtain law and order
Voltaire
a French philosopher (1694-1778) who admired the English style of government and campaigned for freedom of religion and speech
Montesquieu
a French philosopher who published “On the Spirit of Laws” (1748), in which he advocated a government that provided for separation of powers and a system of checks and balances
Jean Jacques Rousseau
a French philosopher who captivated leaders of the French Revolution in his work “The Social Contract” (1762), in which he supported the idea of direct democracy; he also believed in the equality of all people and the abolition of titles
enlightened despot
a concept of monarchs in which the monarch rules with the welfare of his subjects and the state foremost in his or her policies; examples include Catherine the Great of Russia, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph 2 of Austria, and Frederick the Great of Prussia
Old Regime
the political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution; every person was a subject of the King of France, as well as the member of an estate and province; there was no national citizenship
estates
the three social classes of France prior to the French Revolution; the three estates were the clergy (composed 1%, owned 10% of land), the nobility (composed 2%, owned 20% of land), and the third estate (everyone else); the leaders of the third estate were mainly bourgeoisie
Estates-General
the French general assembly, it had not been convened for 175 years when Louis the 16th’s extravagant spending bankrupted the nation and forced him to convene one in May 1789; each estate got one vote (which disadvantaged the third estate)
National Assembly
an assembly for French legislation formed by the Third Estate in response to the other state’s refusal to give them two votes
Tennis Court Oath
locked out of their originally meeting place of the National Assembly, the Third Estate delegates met in a different spot, where the took this pledge, promising to write a new constitution for France
Bastille
a French prison that was stormed in the early days of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789; it was a symbolic act, similar to the signing of the US Declaration of Independence
The Great Fear
a time of panic and riots that ensued during the beginning of the French Revolution, with French peasants burning some of the feudal manor houses
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
a key document set down by the National Assembly in 1789 that reflected the ideals of the Enlightenment and Declaration of Independence
Olympe de Gouges
a French feminist and journalist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women, which was never accepted by the National Assembly; later in the course of the revolution she was executed by guillotine; women were allowed to fight for the revolution, but could not share in it’s rewards
Declaration of the Rights of Women
a noticeable omission in the French Declaration was any reference to the rights of women; this was an attempt to rectify that; it was published in 1791 by Olympe de Gouges
Legislative Assembly
the National Assembly was intended as an interim government that would be the prelude to a constitutional monarchy; in 1791, having completed a constitution, the National Assembly was dissolved and this was created
factions of the Legislative Assembly
the assembly divided itself into three factions, each of which sat in a separate section of the assembly hall:
-radicals; completely opposed monarchy (left section)
-moderates; wanted some changes (center section)
-conservatives; supported limited monarchy (right section)
These factions are still how we name parts of the political landscape today, though the things they support have changed.
Prussian intervention
Prussia’s statement of support for the royal family angered Parisians; in August 1792, the Parisians imprisoned the royal family
National Convention
the Legislative Assembly dissolved itself, setting this, which abolished the limited monarchy and established a republic in September 1792; male citizens were given the right to vote; to continue the war against the First Coalition, they drafted an army that included women
Jacobins
a political faction who had control of France by the time of the National Convention; their leaders included Jean Paul Marat and Georges Danton; Louis 16 was executed in January 1793, under their influence
First Coalition
a coalition that included Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Prussia, and Austria, they fought to contain the revolutionary French
Reign of Terror
the term used to refer to the aftermath of the execution of Louis the 16th, during this time many people were killed by guillotine; Marie Antoinette, Marat, and Danton were all guillotined during this time
Maximilien Robespierre
the Jacobin leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror, he guillotined alleged enemies of the republic; eventually people turned against his bloodshed in 1794, guillotining him and ending the Reign of Terror
new legislature
a new government replaced the National Convention after Robespierre’s death, which consisted of a two-house legislature and an executive branch
Directory
the executive branch of the new government established after the Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte
a young officer chosen by the Directory to command the French army
Napoleonic Code
the system of laws set down by Napoleon, it is one of his most well-known achievements; this body affirmed the equality of all adult men before the law, but at the same time disallowed women the same property rights as men; it also restricted freedom of speech and of the press
Horatio Nelson
an English admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, confirming and solidifying the supreme status of the British navy
the fall of Napoleon
by 1812 Napoleon’s empire controlled most of Europe, excluding Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire; in his attempt to expand further, he made three errors that sealed his fate:
- the Continental System, or blockade against Great Britain (1806)
- the Peninsular War against Spain (1808-1813)
- the invasion of Russia during the winter of 1812
reactionary
supporting a return to the status quo; this was the general mood of the Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
an Austrian Prince who soughti to maintain peace among the European nations by creating a balance of power among rival countries that would assure that no one nation could be a threat to others
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances set up by Metternich that required nations to come to the aid of one another if war errupted
goals of the Congress of Vienna
- establishment of lasting peace and stability in Europe
- prevention of future French aggression
- restoration of the balance of power
- legitimacy (the restoration of royal families to their throne)
actions of the Congress of Vienna
- formed the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- created the German Confederation
- recognized the independence of Switzerland
- added Genoa to the Kingdom of Sardinia
- required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon, but left France a major power
- affirmed the principle of legitimacy, restoring the ruling families of France, Spain, and several states in Central Europe and Italy to their thrones
results of the Congress of Vienna
- conservatives regained control of governments
- colonial Latin American governments declared their independence, though European colonizers still tried to stop them (this was not a result of the Congress of Vienna specifically, but because of European preoccupation)
- an age of peace was created in Europe
- the power of France was diminished and the power of Great Britain and Prussia was increased
- the growth of nationalism was encouraged
Toussaint L’Ouverture
in Haiti in 1791, an African priest called for revolution and 100,000 slaves revolted; this man, an ex-slave (not the priest though), emerged as a capable leader; he died in France, but one of his generals carried on the struggle, eventually winning independence in 1804
mestizos
those of mixed European and Amerindian heritage
mulattos
those of mixed European and African ancestry
Bernardo O’Higgins
the general who joined Jose de San Martin in 1816 in their fight for the freedom of Chile, which was achieved in 1818
Jose Maria Morelos
a priest who took over the revolution after Miguel Hidalgo’s death until he was defeated in 1815 by Agustin de Iturbide
Benito Juarez
although he was deposed by Santa Anna in 1853, he had carried out a reform program that redistributed land, increased education opportunities, and maintained the separation of church and state; returning to power in 1861, his presidency was again cut short by a French takeover of Mexico in 1862
Porfirio Diaz
an Mexican authoritarian ruler of Indian descent who rose to power in 1876; he built banks and railroads and encouraged investment, but land was still distributed unevenly
Francisco Madero
the leader of a new political party that formed in Mexico with the goal of alleviating the hard economic conditions of the commoners; educated in the US and France, he believed in revolution and called for democracy; he was originally exiled to the US by Diaz
Emiliano Zapata
a farmer who was among the leaders of the revolution; after his murder in 1919 at the hands of Carranza, the Mexican Revolution came to an end
“Pancho” Villa
a cowboy who was among the leaders of the revolution
Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza
the revolutionary years were marked by frequent assassinations and changes in leadership, from Madero to these two people
Greece
this nation rebelled and left the Ottoman Empire in 1821, declaring independence with widespread support among Europeans; the English poet Lord Byron died in support of the cause in 1824 (rousing up great support), and it won in 1827
conservatives, liberals, and radicals
conservatives- wanted to maintain Europe’s traditional monarchies
liberals- advocated limited governmental interference and representation of landowners in the government
radicals- wanted broader voting rights and often supported democracy and social reforms to alleviate the plight of the lower classes
revolutions of 1848
this year witnessed a great revolutionary wave; nations involved included Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, and France; some movements were successful, others not
Louis Napoleon
a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who was elected president of France in 1848, ending the rule of King Louis-Philippe; he improved the French economy though public works and railroads, and through promoting the growth of industry
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
a kingdom that eventually became a leader in Italian unification
Count Cavour
the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, he gained control of Italy by starting a war with Austria, then cooperating with the Red Shirts of Giuseppe Garibaldi to capture Sicily
Red Shirts of Giuseppe Garibaldi
those with whom Count Cavour cooperated to capture Sicily
Vatican City
the one section of Rome that would continue to be governed by the Pope; nevertheless, Cavour had taken the Papal States in 1870
Wilhelm the 1st
a Prussian king whose choice for election to prime minister in 1862 was the Junker (member of the conservative landowning class) Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck
a lead of Prussia who unified Prussia with Germany; he did so by unconstitutionally ruling against the Prussian parliament, stating that his goals would be accomplished by “blood and iron”
realpolitik
“reality politics,” which was supported by Otto von Bismarck
kaiser
the German word for “emperor”; in 1871, Wilhelm 1 was crowned as this (of the newly united Prussia and Germany); with this act, the German empire, or Second Reich, had begun
Sun Yixian
among the young Chinese men educated in European schools who dreamed of building a nation-state in the Western tradition; he also wanted to implement social programs to assist the peasants and working classes
romanticism
most prevalent during the first half of the 19th century, it reflected an admiration for nature and an emphasis on individual thoughts and feelings; in politics, it valued the common person and promoted democracy
Lord Byron
a poet who was a leading romanticist; he also fought and died with the Greeks (although he was an Englishman) in their struggle against the Ottomans
Ludwig van Beethoven
a composer who, among others during the 19th century, produced works emphasizing emotion and expression
realism
a new movement that produced paintings and novels that described unsanitary, overcrowded conditions in which industrial laborers lived and worked
impressionism
in the 1860s, a group of Parisian painters reacted to realism by creating this school; it portrayed it’s subjects as they appeared to the artist at a given moment in time, as if the painter had captured only a fleeting glimpse of the subject
