Chpt. 18, Industrialization and the Growth of Democracy Flashcards
enclosure movement
a preindustrial movement in the early 1700s that saw wealthy landowners purchase land from small farmers and experiment with new farming methods; this was also important because it eliminated common areas used by the public to graze animals and led to the development of urban poor
factors of production
by the mid-18th century, England was an ideal location to begin industrialization because it enjoyed an abundance of these; the main ones are:
- land/resources (including water power, coal, and iron ore)
- labor (former small landowners, and anyone else)
- capital (machinery and buildings; these were usually bought with loans from a bank)
- entrepreneurship (the ability of persons to organize factors of production, and their willingness to assume risk)
James Watt
invented the steam engine in the 1770s; this led to its application to power factory machinery
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin, providing the mechanization to speed up the cleaning of raw cotton
Robert Fulton
a US citizen who invented the steamboat in 1807
improvements in transportation that facilitated the distribution of manufactured goods
- canals
- macadam roads
- turnpikes
Samuel Morse
invented the telegraph in 1837
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone in 1876
Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)
an Ottoman ruler who brought industrialization to Egypt; he set up factories to produce cotton cloth, as well as refined sugar and glass
Egyptian industrialization
in order to realize huge profits, Muhammad Ali turned to commercial agriculture, forcing village farmers to leave their own plots and work instead on commercial plantations
Russian industrialization
the Russian czars encouraged industrialization with railroads, such as the Trans-Siberian railroad; they also supported the armament industry
Japanese industrialization
the Japanese government encouraged industrialization, even hiring foreign industrial experts; by 1900, Japan was the most highly industrialized land in Asia
domestic effects of the Industrial Revolution
- rapid urbanization (growth of cities)
- an emerging middle class of merchants and factory owners
- unsanitary and unsafe working conditions in the early factories
- child labor
- low wages and long hours
- inadequate housing in tenements with no running water or indoor plumbing, frequent fires, lack of police protection, and epidemic disease
- a rising standard of living, cheaper goods, improved working conditions, and better housing
global impact of the Industrial Revolution
- the gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations widened
- a race for colonies ensued, as European nations and Japan sought sources of raw materials and new markets
- Europe gained greater economic power
- the middle class was strengthened and became politically active
- political participation produced an interest in reform
- world trade increased
- various societies of the world became more closely connected
Thomas Malthus
a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also believed that the food supply could not compete with rapid population increases and that unless the excess population was decreased by war or disease, most people would live in poverty
capitalism
an economic system which allows private ownership in order to produce profits
David Ricardo
a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also wrote in 187 that the abundance of laborers produced by high population growth would force wages to remain low
utilitarian
a person who believes that government policies are useful only when they promote the common good
John Stuart Mill
a utilitarian who supported women’s suffrage, prison reform, and improved education
Robert Owen
a utopian socialist who believed that humans would demonstrate their natural goodness if they resided in cooperative environments; to illustrate his philosophy he built a model community, but his philosophy failed due to disagreements among the members
socialism
an economic system in which factors of production belong to the government and are operated for the common welfare
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
two Germans who first proposed communist theory in their book, “The Communist Manifesto”; since then, other theories of communism have developed that are similar to theirs
bourgeoisie
a middle class that consists of employers; this term is important in communist theory
proletariat
the working class laborers; this term is important in communist theory
communism
a theory set forth by Marx and Engels which stated that human society is and has been defined by an ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and that the proletariat would eventually revolt against their adverse working conditions, seize factories, and control production; eventually, a classless society would develop in which the government/state would cease to exist; in the last phase, “pure communism,” private property would no longer exist and the factors of production would be shared by all the people
collective bargaining
negotiations between employees and employers for higher salaries and improved working conditions
unions
groups of workers who came together to engage in collective bargaining and advocate for themselves
abolition
the movement to end the slave trade, as well as slavery itself; the wave of reform sentiment enhanced this movement
Declaration of Sentiments
a statement of rights based on the Declaration of Independence, it was issued by women suffragists who held a convention in Seneca Falls in 1848
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
two prominent women from the US who were involved in the suffrage movement
Emmeline Pankhurst
a prominent woman from Britain who supported the suffrage movement
rotten boroughs
districts with relatively low numbers of residents (and thus more representation per person); England redrew it’s districts to eliminate these, in order to properly reflect the population of the growing industrial cities
Chartist movement
in 1838, this group presented to Parliament a document requesting:
- universal manhood suffrage
- annual elections for Parliament
- the use of the secret ballot
- an end to property requirements to become a member of Parliament
- salaries for members of Parliament
Parliament was initially unresponsive, but by 1900 had passed all of these things
House of Commons
during the industrial period, power in the British government was shifted to this house, and the British monarch was reduced to the status of a figurehead
Thomas Edison
an American inventor who invented the phonograph, the light bulb, and the motion picture camera
Guglielmo Marconi
an Italian inventor who in 1895 produced the first radio
Henry Ford
a US citizen who manufactured inexpensive automobiles through the use of the assembly line
Wilbur and Orville Wright
two American brothers who flew the first gasoline-powered airplane
Louis Pasteur
a scientist who developed the process of pasteurization to kill bacteria in milk and other liquids; his experiments also led him to establish the germ theory of disease
Joseph Lister
a citizen of Great Britain, knowledge of Pasteur’s work led him to cleanse his surgical wards with an antibacterial solution, drastically reducing the number of post-surgical deaths among his patients
Dmitri Mendeleev
a Russian chemist who developed the Periodic Table of the elements
Marie and Pierre Curie
they discovered radioactivity
Albert Einstein
a scientist who developed many theories and scientific breakthroughs, and also studied the nature of the atom
Charles Darwin
an English biologist who proposed the theory of evolution
Sigmund Freud
the Austrian physician who developed psychoanalysis
psychoanalysis
an intensive therapy to assist patients in dealing with psychological problems
social Darwinism
the application of the theories of Charles Darwin to human society; it supported the notion that some races were superior to others, and was used by many nations to justify their quest for empire
