Chpt. 18, Industrialization and the Growth of Democracy

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

a preindustrial movement in the early 1700s that saw wealthy landowners purchase land from small farmers and experiment with new farming methods; this was also important because it eliminated common areas used by the public to graze animals and led to the development of urban poor

Question 2

factors of production

Answer 2

by the mid-18th century, England was an ideal location to begin industrialization because it enjoyed an abundance of these; the main ones are:

• land/resources (including water power, coal, and iron ore)
• labor (former small landowners, and anyone else)
• capital (machinery and buildings; these were usually bought with loans from a bank)
• entrepreneurship (the ability of persons to organize factors of production, and their willingness to assume risk)

Question 3

James Watt

Answer 3

invented the steam engine in the 1770s; this led to its application to power factory machinery

Question 4

Eli Whitney

Answer 4

invented the cotton gin, providing the mechanization to speed up the cleaning of raw cotton

Question 5

Robert Fulton

Answer 5

a US citizen who invented the steamboat in 1807

Question 6

improvements in transportation that facilitated the distribution of manufactured goods

Answer 6

• canals
• macadam roads
• turnpikes

Question 7

Samuel Morse

Answer 7

invented the telegraph in 1837

Question 8

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 8

invented the telephone in 1876

Question 9

Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)

Answer 9

an Ottoman ruler who brought industrialization to Egypt; he set up factories to produce cotton cloth, as well as refined sugar and glass

Question 10

Egyptian industrialization

Answer 10

in order to realize huge profits, Muhammad Ali turned to commercial agriculture, forcing village farmers to leave their own plots and work instead on commercial plantations

Question 11

Russian industrialization

Answer 11

the Russian czars encouraged industrialization with railroads, such as the Trans-Siberian railroad; they also supported the armament industry

Question 12

Japanese industrialization

Answer 12

the Japanese government encouraged industrialization, even hiring foreign industrial experts; by 1900, Japan was the most highly industrialized land in Asia

Question 13

domestic effects of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 13

• rapid urbanization (growth of cities)
• an emerging middle class of merchants and factory owners
• unsanitary and unsafe working conditions in the early factories
• child labor
• low wages and long hours
• inadequate housing in tenements with no running water or indoor plumbing, frequent fires, lack of police protection, and epidemic disease
• a rising standard of living, cheaper goods, improved working conditions, and better housing

Question 14

global impact of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 14

• the gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations widened
• a race for colonies ensued, as European nations and Japan sought sources of raw materials and new markets
• Europe gained greater economic power
• the middle class was strengthened and became politically active
• political participation produced an interest in reform
• world trade increased
• various societies of the world became more closely connected

Question 15

Thomas Malthus

Answer 15

a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also believed that the food supply could not compete with rapid population increases and that unless the excess population was decreased by war or disease, most people would live in poverty

Question 16

capitalism

Answer 16

an economic system which allows private ownership in order to produce profits

Question 17

David Ricardo

Answer 17

a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also wrote in 187 that the abundance of laborers produced by high population growth would force wages to remain low

Question 18

utilitarian

Answer 18

a person who believes that government policies are useful only when they promote the common good

Question 19

John Stuart Mill

Answer 19

a utilitarian who supported women’s suffrage, prison reform, and improved education

Question 20

Robert Owen

Answer 20

a utopian socialist who believed that humans would demonstrate their natural goodness if they resided in cooperative environments; to illustrate his philosophy he built a model community, but his philosophy failed due to disagreements among the members

Question 21

socialism

Answer 21

an economic system in which factors of production belong to the government and are operated for the common welfare

Question 22

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Answer 22

two Germans who first proposed communist theory in their book, “The Communist Manifesto”; since then, other theories of communism have developed that are similar to theirs

Question 23

bourgeoisie

Answer 23

a middle class that consists of employers; this term is important in communist theory

Question 24

proletariat

Answer 24

the working class laborers; this term is important in communist theory

Question 25

communism

Answer 25

a theory set forth by Marx and Engels which stated that human society is and has been defined by an ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and that the proletariat would eventually revolt against their adverse working conditions, seize factories, and control production; eventually, a classless society would develop in which the government/state would cease to exist; in the last phase, “pure communism,” private property would no longer exist and the factors of production would be shared by all the people

Question 26

collective bargaining

Answer 26

negotiations between employees and employers for higher salaries and improved working conditions

Question 27

unions

Answer 27

groups of workers who came together to engage in collective bargaining and advocate for themselves

Question 28

abolition

Answer 28

the movement to end the slave trade, as well as slavery itself; the wave of reform sentiment enhanced this movement

Question 29

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 29

a statement of rights based on the Declaration of Independence, it was issued by women suffragists who held a convention in Seneca Falls in 1848

Question 30

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 30

two prominent women from the US who were involved in the suffrage movement

Question 31

Emmeline Pankhurst

Answer 31

a prominent woman from Britain who supported the suffrage movement

Question 32

rotten boroughs

Answer 32

districts with relatively low numbers of residents (and thus more representation per person); England redrew it’s districts to eliminate these, in order to properly reflect the population of the growing industrial cities

Question 33

Chartist movement

Answer 33

in 1838, this group presented to Parliament a document requesting:

• universal manhood suffrage
• annual elections for Parliament
• the use of the secret ballot
• an end to property requirements to become a member of Parliament
• salaries for members of Parliament

Parliament was initially unresponsive, but by 1900 had passed all of these things

Question 34

House of Commons

Answer 34

during the industrial period, power in the British government was shifted to this house, and the British monarch was reduced to the status of a figurehead

Question 35

Thomas Edison

Answer 35

an American inventor who invented the phonograph, the light bulb, and the motion picture camera

Question 36

Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 36

an Italian inventor who in 1895 produced the first radio

Question 37

Henry Ford

Answer 37

a US citizen who manufactured inexpensive automobiles through the use of the assembly line

Question 38

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Answer 38

two American brothers who flew the first gasoline-powered airplane

Question 39

Louis Pasteur

Answer 39

a scientist who developed the process of pasteurization to kill bacteria in milk and other liquids; his experiments also led him to establish the germ theory of disease

Question 40

Joseph Lister

Answer 40

a citizen of Great Britain, knowledge of Pasteur’s work led him to cleanse his surgical wards with an antibacterial solution, drastically reducing the number of post-surgical deaths among his patients

Question 41

Dmitri Mendeleev

Answer 41

a Russian chemist who developed the Periodic Table of the elements

Question 42

Marie and Pierre Curie

Answer 42

they discovered radioactivity

Question 43

Albert Einstein

Answer 43

a scientist who developed many theories and scientific breakthroughs, and also studied the nature of the atom

Question 44

Charles Darwin

Answer 44

an English biologist who proposed the theory of evolution

Question 45

Sigmund Freud

Answer 45

the Austrian physician who developed psychoanalysis

Question 46

psychoanalysis

Answer 46

an intensive therapy to assist patients in dealing with psychological problems

Question 47

social Darwinism

Answer 47

the application of the theories of Charles Darwin to human society; it supported the notion that some races were superior to others, and was used by many nations to justify their quest for empire