Chpt. 11, The Rise of European Nation-States

Question 1

Pope Urban 2

Answer 1

the Pope who in 1095 AD sent out a call for Christian knights to take up the mission of seizing the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks

Question 2

Peter the Hermit

Answer 2

a wandering monk who aided Pope Urban the 2nd in his appeal, assembling an army of poor knights and peasants who left for the Holy Land with inadequate weapons, supplies, and plans; this first group failed

Question 3

Saladin

Answer 3

the Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader who by 1187 had recaptured Jerusalem; after the first Crusade, no more were successful

Question 4

Third Crusade

Answer 4

led by three European monarchs (Philip Augustus of France, Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, and Richard the Lion-Hearted of England); Philip drowned, Frederick returned to Europe after arguing with Richard; Richard did not take the Holy Land, but in 1192 procured a truce granting Christians the right to make pilgrimages

Question 5

Fourth Crusade

Answer 5

lasting from 1202 to 1204, it resulted in the plundering of Constantinople; the city never fully recovered from this event

Question 6

Children’s Crusade of 1212

Answer 6

under the belief that children would be divinely protected by God, thousands of children were sent to take Jerusalem; they either died from exposure or starvation, turned back, drowned as sea, or were sold into slavery; none ever reached the Holy Land

Question 7

results of the Crusades

Answer 7

• further economic growth in western Europe (mainly through greater knowledge of the trade and technology offered by the outside world)
• the Europeans learned of gunpowder, which would be of great use to them later, during the age of colonialism
• increased the power of European monarchs (nobles sold their land to monarchs to pay for their journey to the Holy Land, and some were also killed)
• status of women improved (they proved they could manage property when the men were away)
• Italian city-states flourished (sold supplies and provided transport to the Crusaders)

Question 8

High Middle Ages

Answer 8

while the Middle Ages is generally considered to have lasted from the 500s to 1,500s AD, Western culture began experiencing revival early, with the establishment of universities in the 1,100s AD; due to it’s greater cultural vitality, the period from then until 1,500 AD is referred to as this

Question 9

domestic system (proto-industrialization)

Answer 9

early manufacturing in western Europe was based on this; it was the prelude to organized labor companies, and involved the production of goods in the homes of workers

Question 10

usury

Answer 10

the charging of interest; this was prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church, and as such was left mainly to non-Christians during the early Middle Ages

Question 11

guilds

Answer 11

groups of workers similar to modern day labor unions that regulated trade, created uniform weights, measures, and prices, and limited membership

Question 12

bourgeoisie (France), burgesses (England), or burghers (Germany)

Answer 12

a new middle class that was created by townspeople engaging in commerce, banking, craftsmanship, and manufacturing

Question 13

Battle of Hastings

Answer 13

the battle between Harold and William, the Duke of Normandy; it resulted in English victory, securing England for the Vikings

Question 14

Third Estate

Answer 14

a new government group that was composed of the common people that formed in France

Question 15

Estates-General

Answer 15

the French legislative body

Question 16

Great Schism

Answer 16

a period when, due to political considerations, multiple “Popes” were chosen; the first was legitimate, and the others could not be; this was resolved by the Council of Constance in 1417

Question 17

Joan of Arc

Answer 17

a French teenager who in 1429, during the Hundred Year’s War, was convinced that heavenly voices were directing her to lead the French army against the British; captured by the English, she was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake in 1431