Chpt. 19, Imperialism and Global Transformation

Question 1

imperialism

Answer 1

this is when one nation takes over another region to dominate it politically, socially, and economically; European nations used this to fulfill their need for raw materials for their factories, and for markets to sell their manufactured goods

Question 2

quinine

Answer 2

a cure to malaria; previous to this discovery, only 1 in 10 Europeans who ventured into Africa would return, and Africa was known as the “White Man’s Grave”; yellow fever was still a problem though

Question 3

factors that helped imperialism

Answer 3

-Europe’s superior technology
-cables and railroads provided a quick means of communication between core nations and their colonies
the discovery of quinine allowed easier access of Africa
-Africa’s various ethnic and linguistic groups promoted it’s disunity, making it easy prey

Question 4

types of colonial dominance

Answer 4

colonies- areas in which the controlling power had a direct, internal control over a country or territory
protectorates- regions that were allowed to keep their own governments, but were controlled by an outside power
spheres of influence- areas in which an outside power claimed the exclusive right to trade or invest
economic imperialism- control of a region by private businesses rather than by outside government

Question 5

David Livingstone

Answer 5

a clergyman from Scotland who journeyed to Africa to search for the source of the Nile in the late 1860s; he did not communicate for a number of years

Question 6

Henry Stanley

Answer 6

an American newspaperman who found Livingstone and later returned to Africa to sign treaties with some of the chiefs in the valley of the Congo River that granted the Congo region to King Leopold 2 of Belgium personally (not to Belgium)

Question 7

King Leopold 2 of Belgium

Answer 7

under his imperialism of the Congo, more than 10 million Congolese died as they were forced to work and suffer on the rubber plantations that he established

Question 8

Berlin Conference

Answer 8

fearing the competition for colonies in Africa might result in conflict, the European imperialist powers met here from 1884-1885 to peacefully divide Africa; there were no Africans here

Question 9

Ethiopia

Answer 9

by 1914, all of Africa had been divided among the European powers except for Liberia and Ethiopia; of all African attempts to resist, only those of the Ethiopians against Italian intrusion had been successful

Question 10

Shaka

Answer 10

the leader of the Zulus, one of the most prominent ethnic groups in southern Africa, he led them to power in the early 19th century; Shaka’s successors did not possess military skill, and by 1887 the Zulus had fallen to the superior technology of the British

Question 11

Boers

Answer 11

Dutch,farmer settlers who pushed the Africans from their land in southern Africa and relied on the labor of African slaves

Question 12

Great Trek

Answer 12

the northward movement of the Boers that occurred in 1834 when they came into conflict with the British over land-usage and anti-slavery policies; they clashed with Africans who inhabited the land to the north

Question 13

The Boer War

Answer 13

war broke out between the Boers and British in 1899 over political rights, gold, diamonds, and land; after much brutality, the British won; they joined the Boer republics into the Union of South Africa, which was self-governing but controlled by the British

Question 14

impact of European imperialism on Africa

Answer 14

• construction of hospitals and improved sanitation
• improved education and literacy rates; transmission of European culture
• railroads, public works, telephones, and telegraphs improved transportation and communication (nonetheless, they were designed primarily for European usage)
• Africans lost control over their traditional lands, as well as political independence
• a transition from individual farm plots and subsistence agriculture to cash-crop plantations; this forced Africans to work in European-owned businesses, and reduced food crops for individual families
• new political units imposed by imperialism interfered with traditional African ethnic and political boundaries

Question 15

sepoys

Answer 15

Indian soldiers

Question 16

Sepoy Rebellion (or Sepoy Mutiny)

Answer 16

a rebellion occurred when a rumor spread among the Indians that the seal on the cartridges of their rifles (which is bitten off to fire) was sealed with pork and beef fat; this angered the Hindus, who hold cows sacred; the revolt spread throughout northern India and was eventually put down

Question 17

Sikhs

Answer 17

a religious group that remained loyal to the British and became an integral part of the British army in India

Question 18

Raj (1757-1947)

Answer 18

this is direct control over part of India, and was imposed by the British government following the Sepoy Rebellion when racial tensions and resentment had increased; previously, rule had been executed through the British East Indian Company

Question 19

Ram Mohun Roy

Answer 19

an Indian leader who began a campaign to end the caste system and the practice of sati; the British responded by outlawing it

Question 20

sati

Answer 20

the Indian practice of throwing favored wives onto the funeral pyres of their husbands (or pressuring them to jump)

Question 21

Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer 21

a leader of the Filipinos who led them to immediately declare their independence from the United States following the Spanish-American War, prompting the US to fight the Filipinos; defeating them in 1902, the US nonetheless promised to prepare them for self-rule

Question 22

Queen Liliuokalani

Answer 22

a Hawaiian queen who in 1893 attempted to increase the political power of the Hawaiian government at the expense of the American sugar planters, strengthening the planters’ case that the Hawaiian government must be overthrown; this was done in 1898, five years later

Question 23

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Answer 23

a Russian war to take over Ottoman lands in which the French and British helped out the Ottomans; this war demonstrated the military weakness of the Ottoman Empire

Question 24

Suez Canal

Answer 24

constructed in Egypt by Muhammad Ali’s grandson and successor, Isma’il, to continue the modernization of Egypt; it connected the Red Sea with the Mediterranean; partially financed by the French, it opened in 1869

Question 25

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 25

a treaty that in 1842 that ended the Opium War granted the victorious British the port of Hong Kong

Question 26

extraterritorial rights

Answer 26

special exemptions from Chinese laws, they were granted to the US, France, Germany, and Russia in four additional (other than Hong Kong) Chinese ports in 1844

Question 27

Hong Xiuquan

Answer 27

a young Chinese man who was influenced by Christianity, and who responded to the bad state of China by starting a revolution around 1850; he and his band of nearly 1 million peasants were eventually put down by the Qing

Question 28

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 28

the rebellion of Hong Xiuquan that by 1864 was put down by the Qing; it left vast acres of farmland devastated, and 20 million or more Chinese dead

Question 29

Empress Cixi

Answer 29

a Chinese leader, who while committed to Chinese values, encouraged the country to begin to manufacture gunboats and weaponry in factories; many of these factories, however, would be operated by foreigners

Question 30

Open Door Policy

Answer 30

as China weakened, nations began taking control of it to their financial benefit; this was a policy set forth by the US in 1899 that suggested China’s ports be open to traders of all nations; it was widely respected by powers that traded in China, up until Japan’s violation starting in 1915 with it’s 21 Demands to China

Question 31

Boxers

Answer 31

a secret society formed by angered Chinese peasants and workers

Question 32

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 32

a siege of Beijing carried out by the Boxers in 1900, it was put down by a force of soldiers from Europe, Japan, and the US; afterwards, China made some reforms, but continued to experience political disorder

Question 33

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 33

unified Japan in 1600s, and ruled until 1868; during the 18th century, Japan became increasingly urbanized

Question 34

daimyo

Answer 34

large landowners who were forced to fortify their castles to withstand the power of the cannon

Question 35

Treaty of Kanagawa

Answer 35

the treaty agreed to by the Japanese in which they allowed the US to use two Japanese naval ports to receive supplies, and to open an embassy in Japan; by 1860, several European nations had done the same; this prompted rebellion against the Tokugawa in Japan

Question 36

Mutsuhito

Answer 36

the young emperor who set up a new government in response to rebellion against the Tokugawa in 1868, calling it Meiji; lasting from 1868 to 1912, the Meiji period saw rapid modernization and industrialization

Question 37

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 37

a war that occurred in 1894 between China and Japan over Korea; Japan won, beginning the takeover of Manchuria, which was valuable due to it’s coal and iron deposits

Question 38

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 38

a war between Russia and Japan over Manchuria that occurred in 1905; Japan inflicted devastating losses on the Russian fleet

Question 39

Treaty of Portsmouth

Answer 39

the treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese war and granted Japan Manchuria and Korea; this demonstrated to the world that one of the aims of modernized Japan was imperialism

Question 40

caudillos

Answer 40

revolutionary leaders who were oftentimes military dictators

Question 41

Latin American independence

Answer 41

this had not brought prosperity to Latin America, as many had envisioned; land ownership continued to be inequitable, and improper land usage was common; additionally, they did not develop very much industry

Question 42

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 42

a policy issued in 1823 by the US President James Monroe which stated that the Americas were not open to colonization by any European power; Great Britain reinforced the impact of the Monroe Doctrine by pledging to support it

Question 43

Spanish-American War

Answer 43

a war that occurred in 1898 when the US joined the Cubans in their struggle for independence from Spain; as a result of the 10-week long war, Cuba won it’s independence in 1901; the Spanish also relinquished Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US

Question 44

Panama Canal

Answer 44

a canal completed in 1914 by the US that attracted ships from around the globe and placed the US in control of an important mechanism of global trade

Question 45

building of the Canal

Answer 45

President Theodore Roosevelt favored the construction of a canal across Panama, which was part of Columbia, but the Columbians were charging a very high price; instead, the US supported a revolution in Panama, in return for getting the area around the canal; the canal was given back to Panama starting in 1979 under Carter, and finishing the power transition in 1999

Question 46

Roosevelt Corollary

Answer 46

a statement made by President Theodore Roosevelt that the US would be a “police power” in the Americas; in years to come, the US would frequently us this as a justification for intervention and occupation in Latin American nations; nevertheless, many Latin American republics resented this