Chpt. 15, Exploration and Exchange

Question 1

Emperor Yongle

Answer 1

the Ming emperor who dispatched his advisor Zheng He on seven overseas expeditions

Question 2

Reconquest (Reconquista)

Answer 2

the taking of Spain from the Muslims, who had occupied it since 711; it was made possible in 1492 under the consolidation of power brought about by the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castilla

Question 3

astrolabe

Answer 3

a device that allowed mariners to determine latitude, it was perfected by the Muslims

Question 4

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 4

a treaty that in 1494 granted all lands discovered 370 Castillian leagues (1,281 miles) west of the Cape Verde islands to the Spanish, and east of them to Portugal; essentially it granted the majority of the Americas to Spain, and Brazil to Portugal

Question 5

Forbidden City

Answer 5

a lavish community that was barred to commoners, into which later Ming rulers withdrew, leading a self-indulgent lifestyle

Question 6

Neo-Confucianism

Answer 6

a blend of Confucianism and Buddhism that was particularly popular with Ming rulers, it emphasized traditional Chinese values of self-discipline, family loyalty, and obedience to authority

Question 7

Malinche

Answer 7

a native woman whose interpretation of the Aztec language for the Spanish facilitated the conquest of the Aztec Empire, which occurred in 1521

Question 8

repartamiento

Answer 8

a system that replaced the encomienda system, and allowed for improved treatment of Native Americans, including payment for labor

Question 9

demographic effect

Answer 9

within African societies, males enslaved for labor more than females; the larger number of women led to the polygamy, and the creation of harems

Question 10

polygamy

Answer 10

the practice of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

Question 11

harem

Answer 11

the wives and female servants of a polygamous man

Question 12

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Answer 12

the transport of slaves across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas; it developed when increasing numbers of Native Americas died; there had already been a slave trade out of Africa to the Middle East, but it was much lower in scale

Question 13

triangular trade

Answer 13

the general pattern of the distribution of goods in the Atlantic economy during the years of the slave trade:

• European products were taken to the coast of Africa and traded for slaves
• slaves were taken to the Americas and sold for raw materials from the plantations
• raw materials such as sugar, rum, and tobacco were taken to Europe

Question 14

John Wesley

Answer 14

an influential British humanitarian who worked with William Wilberforce to end the slave trade