Chpt. 13, Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards
humanism
- emphasized reason
- admired Greco-Roman civilization as a model
- concerned itself with everyday human problems
Renaissance
a rebirth of learning and awareness, both culturally, artistically, socially, and intellectually, in Europe
Medici family
a noteworthy family in Florence who were initially bankers, then leaders of their city-state; they were major patrons of the arts
Francesco Petrarch
a 14th-century Renaissance poet who admired the ethical example of the Romans and wrote that leading a full life on earth was more important than devotion to heavenly pursuits
Dante
an early (13th-century) writer in the Italian vernacular (common language), he wrote books such as “The Divine Comedy” and “The Inferno,” which offered a fictional account of a soul’s journey to heaven and hell
Leonardo da Vinci
a 14th-century artist, architect, musician, mathematician, and scientist; his most famous paintings include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Michelangelo
a16th-century sculptor noted for his statues of David and Moses, as well as his painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican; he also designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Raphael
a 16th-century Renaissance painter known for his frescoes in papal chambers and for his madonnas
Titian
with the king of France and the Holy Roman Emperor as his patrons, he (16th-century) was known for his use of rich colors; his most famous work was The Assumption of the Virgin
Donatello
a 15th-century sculptor who admired Greek and Roman statues; his statue of Saint George is a model of realism
Northern Renaissance writers
- Desiderius Erasmus (16th century), the greatest humanist of northern Europe; he criticized the lack of spirituality of the contemporary Roman Catholic Church
- Thomas More (16th century), his book “Utopia” described an imaginary, ideal society
- William Shakespeare (16th century), considered the greatest poet and playwright of the English language
- Francois Rabelais (16th century), a French political writer
Northern Renaissance artists
- Rembrandt (17th century), known for his contrasting of light and shadows
- Albrecht Durer (16th century), copper engravings and woodcuts
- Jan Van Eyck (1400s), painted in oils on canvas
- Pieter Bruegel (mid-1500s), used paintings or rural scenes to criticize societal intolerance
indulgences (as practiced during the High Middle Ages)
paper whose purchase were said by the Church to guarantee forgiveness of sins; they were used to pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
justification by faith
the doctrine of Martin Luther, which stated that heaven could be achieved through faith alone, without works
Peace of Augsburg
following the rise of Lutheranism, Charles the 5th sent his armies out against the Protestant Princes in Germany; this treaty declared that each German ruler could choose the religion for his state
Henry the 8th
the ruler of England who wanted to divorce his wife because she had failed to bear a son; when the Pope refused, he persuaded Parliament in 1529 to place him a the head of a new Church, the Church of England (the Anglican Church)
Ulrich Zwingli
a Catholic priest from Zurich who began the Swiss Reformation; his work was continued by John Calvin
John Calvin
a theologian who believed in justification by faith and taught the doctrine of predestination
predestination
the belief that God, from the beginning, had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell
John Knox
the founder of the Presbyterian Church
Anabaptists
Christians who stressed adult baptism and the separation of church and state, they were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, and eventually split into a number of denominations (Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, and Baptists)
Huguenots
French Protestants who had been subjected to persecution, including a massacre by French Catholics in 1572
Edict of Nantes
an edict that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots in 1598
St. Ignatius of Loyola
the founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534
Inquisition
a church court that was established to try accused heretics and punish the convicted
Spanish Inquisition
an especially powerful arm of the Catholic Church that was known for excess and brutality
Council of Trent
a council convened in 1545 to examine the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it affirmed the following things:
- the Church’s interpretation of the Bible is the final authority
- both faith in Christ and good works are necessary for salvation
- both the Bible and Church tradition are important authorities
- indulgences are expressions of faith, and cannot be sold
- creation of the Index of Forbidden Books
Index of Forbidden Books
a list of books that were considered to be theologically incorrect, and which Catholics were banned from reading; this prohibition was abolished in 1966 by the Second Vatican Council
