Child Development

Question 1

recurring themes

Answer 1

progression vs. regression
continuity/discontinuity
temperament, attachment- continuity

Question 2

infancy (birth-12m)

Answer 2

complete dependence on parent
attachment: bonding to ensure physical needs are met
2-3m: “social smile,” upset if parent turns away
affect regulation: caregiver responsiveness to baby’s cues, teaches devt of basic trust
7-8m: object permanence, stranger anxiety
9m: intersubjectivity, social referencing, gesturing/pointing

Question 3

reactive attachment disorder

Answer 3

child lacking stranger anxiety, bonds with anyone they meet (suspect past negligence or abuse)

Question 4

toddler years (18m-3y)

Answer 4

autonomy/reliance on parents; coping tantrums at the “terrible twos”, Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame vs. doubt,
beginning of representational play, physical health fears/phobias
internal representation, transitional objects, object constancy
2-3y: gender identity, 800 words, ride tricycle

Question 5

preschool years (3-6y)

Answer 5

initiative vs. guilt, morality, empathy, imaginative play (prototype of adult imagination), sexuality, magical thinking (fear of monsters)

Question 6

school-aged/middle childhood/latency (6-10y)

Answer 6

expansion of social world, mastery and competence, stable self-esteem, learning RULES
activities/hobbies, peer validation, emerging autonomy, complex language, development of gender identity, same sex friends

Question 7

early adolescence (11-14 y)

Answer 7

separate from parents, idealization of other figures; no concrete identity, be anxious/down, vulnerable self image, rely on others for praise, tests loyalty

Question 8

middle adolescence (15-17 y)

Answer 8

self-responsibility, intimate relationships, define sexual identity, behavior and motivation more consistent, self-image forming (1st menstruation/1st ejaculation)

Question 9

late adolescence (18-22 y)

Answer 9

consolidate identity, increased consistency of behavior and motivation; importance of significant other

Question 10

gender differences in adolescence

Answer 10

boys- muscular strength, individual achievements

girls- relationships, close friends

Question 11

sexual orientation

Answer 11

1% both genders = exclusively homosexual; 9% of men and 15% of women= some same-sex attraction or experience

Question 12

adolescent pathology prevalence

Answer 12

80% transition well; 20% are high risk group (depression, suicidal thoughts); suicide (13%), homicide (16%), motor vehicle accidents (26%) leading cause of adolescent death

Question 13

formal abstract thinking

Answer 13

ages 12-16, neurcognitive