Chemo pt 2 slides 21+ Flashcards
what are two examples of aminoglycosides
gentamicin
tobramycin
why are polyenes not administered orally
poor absorption
what types of drugs act like detergents to disrupt phospholipid membranes
polymyxins
how do tetracyclines affect protein synthesis
interfere with attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex on 30s portion
name one oral azole
fluconazole
what class of drugs inhibit DNA synthesis
fluroquinolones
what class of drug that inhibits protein synthesis is broad spectrum and has widespread resistance
tetracyclines
azithromycin can be used to treat what
chlamydia
gonorrhea
what is linezolid used to treat
infections that are otherwise difficult to treat like VRE and MRSA
macrolides are especially useful versus what type of bacteria
gram positive
how can peripheral neuropathy due to isoniazid be reduced
with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
what is chloramphenicol used for
rickettsial diseases
meningitis
typhoid
fever
cholera
how do allylamines work
they inhibit an enzyme upstream from the enzyme inhibited by azoles
what are some adverse effects of polyenes
nephrotoxicity
anemia
infusion-related reaction
phlebitis
what type of bacteria is metronidazole very effective for
gram - anaerobic bacteria
what is an antibiotic that affects DNA synthesis mostly used for UTIs
nitrofurantoin
what are two major adverse effects of aminoglycosides
nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity
what are the 3 main mechanisms used by bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics
reduction of bacterial permeability
enzymatic degradation of antibiotics
modification of the action site
what drugs can be used as a substitute for penicillin in patients displaying hypersensitivity
macrolides
name two examples of macrolides
clarithromycin
azithromycin
how does chloramphenicol affect protein synthesis
binds to 50s subunit and inhibits formation of peptide bond
name 2 topical azoles
clotrimazole
miconazole
what bacteria are aminoglycosides useful against
gram - aerobic bacilli
what drug that inhibits protein synthesis can cause photosensitivity
tetracyclines
linezolid is a member of what class
oxazolidinones
how are polymyxins administered and why
topically/injected winthin an infected body cavity due to nephrotoxicity
what do most antifungal drugs target
ergosterol
how do polyenes work
bind to ergosterol and form holes in the fungal membrane
what are the two subunits of the prokaryotic ribosome structure?
30s subunit
50s subunit
why does tuberculosis have a high risk of resistance
because it has a very prolonged treatment with a large combination of drugs
what is an adverse effect of fluroquinolones
tendinopahties
nausea
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin are examples of what type of drugs
fluroquinolones
what are some adverse effects of metronidazole
nausea
metallic taste
dizziness/vertigo
disulfiram effect
who cannot eliminate chloramphenicol well
newborns
what is the drug of choice to treat bacillus anthracis
fluroquinolones
what kind of drug is chloramphenicol
broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis
name 3 examples of fluroquinolones
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
what 4 things do tetracyclines interact with
milk
antacids
calcium
iron
what are 3 drugs used for tuberculosis
rifampin
Isoniazid
ethambutol
what is the 30s subunit responsible for
decoding mRNA
name some adverse effects of rifampin
discoloration of body fluids
epigastric pain
flu-like symptoms
what drug (used for tuberculosis) is a powerful inducer of cytochromes P450
rifampin
how do macrolides affect protein synthesis
they bind to 50s portion and prevent translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA
what is an example of an allylamine
terbinafine
what is tetracycline used to treat
acne
H pylori
clindamycin is a member of what class
lincosides
what is clindamycin often used to
soft tissue infections
(esp for allergies to beta-lactams)
bacterial vaginosis
what type of bacteria do polymyxins treat
gram - bacteria
what drug can lead to gray baby syndrome
chloramphenicol
how do azoles work
they inhibit an enzyme involved in the synthesis of ergosterol
what are two kinds of ergosterol synthesis inhibitors
azoles
allylamines
how do aminoglycosides affect protein synthesis
they cahnge the shape of 30s portion causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly
name tow antimicrobials that share the same mechanism of action as macrolides
clindamycin
linezolid
what is nitrofurantoin used to treat
UTIs
how are mycobacteria distinguished from other bacteria
cell wall filled with waxy lipids
what kind of drug that inhibits protein synthesis should NOT be used during pregnancy and why
tetracyclines
it has a high affinity for bone
what is an adverse effect of ethambutol
optic neuritis
how are aminoglycosides administered and why
iv or im because they’re charged and not well absorbed orally
what type of bacteria are fluroquinolones very active against
gram - aerobic bacilli
name 3 examples of tetracyclines
tetracycline
doxycycline
minocycline
what are some adverse effects of isoniazid
peripheral neuropathy
what are the two types of antifungal drugs
polyenes
Ergosterol synthesis inhibitiors
what do tetracyclines have a high affinity for?
bone and teeth
what lowers absorption of fluroquinolones
calcium
iron
aluminum
magnesium
what is an adverse effect of clarithromycin
risk of toxicity for any drug normally inactivated by the liver because it inhibits hepatic enzymes
what is a big adverse effect of chloramphenicol
bone marrow suppression
what is the 50s subunit responsible for
peptide bond formation
name two polyenes and their routes
amphotericin B -iv
nystatin - topical
what is doxycycline used to treat
chlamydia
macrolides are often used to treat what
respiratory infections
what bacteria causes tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
what things are fluroquinolones used to treat
anthrax
pneumonia
intra-abdominal infections
what drug that inhibits protein synthesis has a risk for superinfections
tetracyclines
what is metronidazole used to treat
intra-abdominal infections
trichomoniasis
bacterial vaginosis
aquatic protozoa
what are polyenes
antifungal drugs
