chemistry chapter 3

Question 1

molecules

Answer 1

atoms of many elements that can combine to form this

Question 2

chemical bonds

Answer 2

strong attractive forces that hold together atoms in most molecules

Question 3

octet rule

Answer 3

which states that an atom tends to bond with other atoms until it has eight electrons in its outermost shell, thereby forming a stable electron configuration similar to that of the group VIII (noble gas) elements

Question 4

ionic bonding

Answer 4

an electron(s) from an atom with a smaller ionization energy is transferred to an atom with a greater electron affinity, and the resulting ions are held together by electrostatic forces

Question 5

covalent bonding

Answer 5

an electron pair is shared between two atoms

Question 6

polar covalent bonds

Answer 6

the bond is partially covalent and partially ionic

Question 7

cation

Answer 7

the atom that loses electrons becomes a positively charged ion

Question 8

anion

Answer 8

the atom that gains electrons becomes a negatively charged ion

Question 9

ionic compounds

Answer 9

have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions, can conduct electricity in the liquid and aqueous states

Question 10

bond order

Answer 10

the number of shared electron pairs between two atoms

Question 11

bond length

Answer 11

is the average distance between the two nuclei of the atoms involved in the bond

Question 12

bond energy

Answer 12

is the energy required to separate two bonded atoms

Question 13

bonding electrons

Answer 13

the shared valence electrons of a covalent bond

Question 14

nonbonding electrons

Answer 14

the valence electrons not involved in the covalent bond

Question 15

lone electron pairs

Answer 15

the unshared electron pairs

Question 16

Lewis structure

Answer 16

is used to represent the bonding and nonbonding electrons in a molecule, facilitating chemical “bookkeeping”

Question 17

polar covalent bond

Answer 17

occurs between atoms with small differences in electronegativity, generally in the range of 0.4 to 1.7 Pauling units

Question 18

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 18

occurs between atoms that have the same electronegativities. The bonding pair is shared equally, with no separation of charge across the bond

Question 19

coordinate covalent bond

Answer 19

the shared electron pair comes from the lone pair of one of the atoms in the molecule

Question 20

lewis acid

Answer 20

is a compound that can accept an electron pair to form a covalent bond

Question 21

lewis base

Answer 21

is a compound that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond

Question 22

hydrogen bonding

Answer 22

is a specific, unusually strong form of dipole-dipole interaction, which may be either intra- or intermolecular