Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCAT > biology chapter 1 > Flashcards

biology chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down large chemicals and release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anabolic reactions

A

which build up large chemicals and require energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ingestion

A

the acquisition of food and other raw materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

digestion

A

the process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

absorption

A

the passage of nutrient molecules through the living of the digestive tract into the body proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transport

A

the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues, and the removal of waste products from the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

assimilation

A

the building up of new tissues from digested food materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiration

A

the consumption of oxygen and glucose by the body. Cells use oxygen to convert glucose to ATP, a ready source of energy for cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

excretion

A

the removal of waste products (such as carbon dioxide, water, and urea) produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

synthesis

A

the creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

regulation

A

the control of physiological activies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

irritability

A

is the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

growth

A

an increase in size due to synthesis of new materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates. Sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reproduction

A

the generation of additional individuals of a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

protoplasm

A

the substance of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

atoms

A

are joined by chemical bonds to form compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inorganic compounds

A

are compounds that do not contain the element carbon including salts and HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

organic compounds

A

are made by living systems and contain carbon. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

carbohydrates

A

are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

monosaccharide

A

like glucose and fructose are single sugar subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disaccharide

A

like maltose and sucrose are composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis which involves loss of a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

polysaccharide

A

are polymers or chaings of repeating monosaccharide subunits. Examples are glycogen and starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hydrolysis

A

by adding water lage polymers can be broken down into smaller subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

triglyceride

A

consists of 3 ftty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

lipids

A

are the chief means of food storage in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

phospholipids

A

contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing alcohol and cephalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

waxes

A

are esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols. They are found as protective coatings on skin, fur, leaves of higher plants, and on the exoskeleton of many insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

steroids

A

have three cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring. They include cholesterol, the sex hormones, and corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

carotenoids

A

these are fatty acid like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six membered carbon rings at each end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

porphyrins

A

also called tetrapyrroles, contain four joined pyrrole rings. They are often complexed with a metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

proteins

A

are composed primarily of the elements C, H, O, and N but may also contain phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

amino acids

A

are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

polypeptide

A

chains of peptide bonds produce a polymer called a polypeptide, or simply peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

secondary structure

A

proteins that form a coil or fold to form helices and beta pleated sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

simple proteins

A

these are composed entirely of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

albumins and globins

A

these are primarily globular in nature. They are functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

scleroproteins

A

these are fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen is a scleroprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

conjugated proteins

A

these contain a simple protein portion, plus at least one nonprotein fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

lipoproteins

A

protein bound to lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

glycoproteins

A

protein bound to carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

chromoproteins

A

protein bound to pigmented molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

metalloproteins

A

protein complexed around a metal ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

nucleoproteins

A

proteins associated with nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

hormones

A

these are proteins that function as chemical messenger secreted into the circulation. Insulin, and ACTH are protein hormones

49
Q

enzymes

A

these are biological catalysts that act by increasing the rate of chemical reactions important for biological functions. For example: amylase, lipase, ATPase

50
Q

structural proteins

A

these contribute to the physical support of a cell or tissue. They may be extracellular (eg collagen in cartilage, bone, and tendons) or intracellular (eg proteins in cell membranes)

51
Q

transport proteins

A

these are carriers of important materials. For example, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the circulation and the cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration

52
Q

antibodies

A

these bind to foreign particles (antigens) including disease causing organisms, that have entered the body

53
Q

catalyst

A

is any substance which affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed

54
Q

enzyme specificity

A

are very selective; they may catalyze only one reaction, or one specific class of closely related reactions

55
Q

substrate

A

the molecule upon which an enzyme acts

56
Q

active site

A

the area on each enzyme to which the substrate binds

57
Q

lock and key theory

A

this theory hold that the spatial structure of an enzyme’s active site is complementary to the spatial structure of its substrate

58
Q

induced fit theory

A

describes the active site as having flexibility of shape. When the appropriate substrate comes in contact with the active site, the conformation of the active site changes to fit the substrate

59
Q

enzyme reversibility

A

most enzyme reactions are reversible. the product synthesized by an enzyme can be decomposed by the same enzyme.

60
Q

enzyme action

A

enzyme action and the reaction rate depend on several environmental factors including temperature, pH, and the concentration of enzyme and substrate

61
Q

effects of temperature

A

as the temperature increases, the rate of enzyme action increases, until an optimum temperature is reached. Beyond optimal temperature, heat alters the shape of the active site of the enzyme molecule and deactivates it, leading to a rapid drop in rate

62
Q

effects of pH

A

for each enzyme there is an optimal pH above and below which enzymatic activity declines. Maximal activity of many human enzymes occur around pH 7.2, which is the pH of most body fluids

63
Q

pepsin

A

which works best in the highly acidic conditions of the stomach (pH=2)

64
Q

pancreatic enzymes

A

which work optimally in the alkaline conditions of the small intestine (pH= 8.5)

65
Q

effects of concentration

A

the concentrations of substrate and enzyme greatly affect the reaction rate. When the concentrations of both enzyme and substrate are low, many of the active sites on the enzyme are unoccupied and the reaction rate is low

66
Q

hydrolysis

A

hydrolysis reactions function to digest large molecules into smaller components

67
Q

lactase

A

hydrolyzes lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose

68
Q

proteases

A

degrade proteins to amino acids

69
Q

lipases

A

break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

70
Q

synthesis

A

(include dehydrations) can be catalyzed by the same enzymes as hydrolysis reactions, but the directions of the reactions are reversed. Is required for growth, repair, regulation, protection and production of food reserves such as fat and glycogen, by the cell

71
Q

cofactors

A

many enzymes require the incorporation of a nonprotein molecule to become active. Can be metal cations like Zn2+ or Fe2+, or small organic groups called coenzymes

72
Q

prosthetic groups

A

cofactors which bind to the enzyme by strong and sometimes covalent bonds

73
Q

nucleic acids

A

contain the elements C, H, O, N, and P. they are polymers of subunits called nucleotides. Nucleic acids code all of the information required by an organism to produce proteins and replicate

74
Q

cell theory

A

1) all living things are composed of cells. 2) the cell is the basic functional unit of life. 3) cells arise only from pre-existing cells. 4) cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed from parent cell to daughter cell

75
Q

microscopy

A

of the most tool used by scientists to study cells, the microscope is the most basic

76
Q

magnification

A

is the increase in apparent size of an object

77
Q

resolution

A

is the difference of two closely situated objects

78
Q

compound light microscope

A

uses two lenses or lens systems to magnify an object. The total magnification is the product of the magnification of the eyepiece and the magnification of the object

79
Q

total magnification

A

equals magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective

80
Q

diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

81
Q

coarse adjustment

A

knob roughly focuses the image

82
Q

fine adjustment

A

knob sharply focuses the image

83
Q

phase contrast microscopy

A

is a special type of light microscope that permits the study of living cells. Differences in refractive index are used to produce contrast between cellular structures

84
Q

electron microscopy

A

uses a beam of electrons to allow a thousandfold higher magnification than is possible with light microscopy. Unfortunately, examination of living specimens is not possible because of the preparations necessary for electron microscopy; tissues must be fixed and sectioned, and sometimes stained with solutions of heavy metals

85
Q

centrifugation

A

differential centrifugation can be used to separate cells or mixtures of cells without destroying them in the process. Spinning fragmented cells at high speeds in the centrifuge will cause their components to sediment at different levels in the test tube on the basis of their respective densities. denser parts such as nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria will sink to the bottom

86
Q

organelles

A

the components of the cell are specialized in their structure and function. These include the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and centrioles

87
Q

cell membrane

A

encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability; it regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell

88
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout

89
Q

nucleus

A

controls the activities of the cell, including cell division. It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Contains the DNA, which is complexed with structural proteins

90
Q

nucleolus

A

is a dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs

91
Q

ribosome

A

are the sites of protein production and are synthesized by the nucleolus

92
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

is a network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell

93
Q

golgi apparatus

A

recieves vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER, modifies them, repackages them into vesicles, and distributes them to the cell surface by exocytosis

94
Q

mitochondria

A

are the sites of aerobic respiration within the cell and hence the suppliers of energy

95
Q

cytoplasm

A

most of the cells metabolic activity occurs in the cytoplasm

96
Q

cyclosis

A

transport within the cytoplasm. Streaming movement within the cell

97
Q

vacuole

A

are membrane bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell

98
Q

centrioles

A

are involved in spindle organization during cell division and are not bound by a membrane

99
Q

lysosomes

A

are membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. Break down material ingested by the cell

100
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell, maintains its shape, and functions in cell motility

101
Q

tubulin

A

hollow rods which radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support

102
Q

microtubules

A

provide a framework for organelle movement within the cell

103
Q

microfilaments

A

move materials across the plasma membrane, for instance, in the contraction phase of cell diivision, and in amoeboid movement

104
Q

plant cells

A

have no centrosome, presence of cell wall composed of cellulose, chloroplasts in many cells of green plants. Site of synthesis of organic compounds, no lysosomes, many vacuoles. Mature plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

105
Q

simple diffusion

A

is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients– from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. A passive process that requires no external source of energy

106
Q

osmosis

A

is the simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

107
Q

hypertonic

A

when the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium and water will flow out of the cell

108
Q

hypotonic

A

if the extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell and water will flow into the cell causing it to swell and burst

109
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

(passive transport) is the net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through special chennels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane. Does not require energy

110
Q

active transport

A

is the net movement of particles against their concentration gradient with the help of transport protein. Requires energy

111
Q

endocytosis

A

is a process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium

112
Q

pinocytosis

A

is the ingestion of fluids or small particles

113
Q

phagocytosis

A

is the engulfing of large particles

114
Q

exocytosis

A

a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside

115
Q

circulation

A

is the transportation of material within cells and throughout the body of a multicellular organism

116
Q

brownian movement

A

the movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles througout the cytoplasm of the cell

117
Q

cyclosis

A

the circular motion of the cytoplasm around the cell transport molecules

118
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

this provides channels throughout the cytoplasm, and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane

PCAT (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions