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PCAT > biology chapter 5 > Flashcards

biology chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

protozoans

A

movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by simple diffusion within the cell

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2
Q

cnidarians

A

have body walls that are two cells thick. All cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environments so there is no need for a specialized circulatory system

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3
Q

arthropods

A

have open circulatory sytems in which their blood-like fluid (interstitial fluid) is in direct contact with the body tissues. The fluid is circulated primarily by body movements. Fluid flows through a dorsal vessel and into spaces called sinuses where exchange occurs

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4
Q

annelids

A

use a closed circulatory system to deliver materials to cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment

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5
Q

aorta

A

which branches into a series of arteries

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6
Q

capillaries

A

converge into venules, and eventually into veins, leading deoxygenated blood back toward the heart

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7
Q

right side of heart

A

pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation (toward the lungs)

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8
Q

left side of heart

A

pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)

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9
Q

atria

A

two upper chambers. Thin walled

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10
Q

ventricles

A

two lower chambers. Are extremely muscular

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11
Q

left ventricle

A

more muscular than the right ventricle because it is responsible for generating the force that propels systemic circulation and because it pumps against a higher resistance

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12
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria

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13
Q

tricuspid valve

A

the valve on the right side of the heart that has three cusps

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14
Q

mitral valve

A

valve on the left side of the heart that has two cusps

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15
Q

semilunar valves

A

have three cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve)

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16
Q

heartbeat

A

made up by the systole and diastole

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17
Q

systole

A

is the period during which the ventricles contract

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18
Q

diastole

A

is the period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all four chambers

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19
Q

cardiac output

A

is defined as the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. = heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

heart rate

A

number of heartbeats per minute

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21
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

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22
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium. It spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

modifies the rate of heart contraction

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24
Q

arteries

A

are thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart– except for the pulmonary arteries, which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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25
Q

veins

A

are relatively thinly walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart– except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

26
Q

capillaries

A

have very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes can easily defuse. They have the smallest diameter of all three types of vessels; red blood cells must often travel through them single file

27
Q

lymph nodes

A

are swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens

28
Q

plasma

A

is the liquid portion of the blood

29
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

are the oxygen carrying components of blood

30
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin binds oxygen

31
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

are larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions

32
Q

platelets

A

are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation as well as wound healing

33
Q

serum

A

the fluid left after blood clotting

34
Q

humoral immunity

A

involves the production of antibodies

35
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

which involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection

36
Q

lymphocytes

A

are responsible for both of these immune mechanisms

37
Q

immunoglobulins

A

are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them

38
Q

active immunity

A

refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response

39
Q

passive immunity

A

involves the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organims

40
Q

gamma globulin

A

the fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity

41
Q

skin

A

is a physical barrier against bacterial invasion

42
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and destroy foreign particles

43
Q

interferons

A

diffuse to other cells, where they help prevent the spread of the virus

44
Q

antigens

A

are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

45
Q

type AB blood

A

is the “universal recipient” as it has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

46
Q

type O blood

A

is considered to be the “universal donor”; it will not elicit a response from the recipient’s immune system since it does not possess any surface antigens

47
Q

stem

A

is the primary organ of transport in the plant

48
Q

vascular bundles

A

run up and down the stem

49
Q

xylem

A

are thick-walled, often hollow cells located on the inside of the vascular bundle (towards the center of the stem). They carry water and minerals up the plant and their thick walls give the plant its rigid support

50
Q

sapwood

A

what the outer layer of xylem is called

51
Q

transpiration pull

A

as water evaporates from the leaves of plants, a vacuum is created which pulls water up the stem

52
Q

capillary action

A

any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube

53
Q

root pressure

A

water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure which pushes water up the stem

54
Q

phloem

A

are thin walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle. They usually transport nutrients (especially carbohydrates produced in the leaves) down the stem

55
Q

cambium

A

(two layers thick) are the actively dividing, undifferentiated cells which give rise to xylem and phloem.

56
Q

fibrovascular bundle

A

composed of the phloem, cambium and xylem layers

57
Q

gross structure of a woody stem

A

proceeding from the outside inwards, the following layers occur: epidermis (outer bark), cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem, and pith (tissue involved in storage of nutrients and plant support)

58
Q

root

A

functions to absorb materials through the root hairs and anchor the plant

59
Q

root hairs

A

are specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin-walled projections. They increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil

60
Q

meristem

A

refers to the actively dividing, undifferentiated cells of a plant

PCAT (27 decks)

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