biology chapter 5

Question 1

protozoans

Answer 1

movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by simple diffusion within the cell

Question 2

cnidarians

Answer 2

have body walls that are two cells thick. All cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environments so there is no need for a specialized circulatory system

Question 3

arthropods

Answer 3

have open circulatory sytems in which their blood-like fluid (interstitial fluid) is in direct contact with the body tissues. The fluid is circulated primarily by body movements. Fluid flows through a dorsal vessel and into spaces called sinuses where exchange occurs

Question 4

annelids

Answer 4

use a closed circulatory system to deliver materials to cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment

Question 5

aorta

Answer 5

which branches into a series of arteries

Question 6

capillaries

Answer 6

converge into venules, and eventually into veins, leading deoxygenated blood back toward the heart

Question 7

right side of heart

Answer 7

pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation (toward the lungs)

Question 8

left side of heart

Answer 8

pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)

Question 9

atria

Answer 9

two upper chambers. Thin walled

Question 10

ventricles

Answer 10

two lower chambers. Are extremely muscular

Question 11

left ventricle

Answer 11

more muscular than the right ventricle because it is responsible for generating the force that propels systemic circulation and because it pumps against a higher resistance

Question 12

atrioventricular valves

Answer 12

located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria

Question 13

tricuspid valve

Answer 13

the valve on the right side of the heart that has three cusps

Question 14

mitral valve

Answer 14

valve on the left side of the heart that has two cusps

Question 15

semilunar valves

Answer 15

have three cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve)

Question 16

heartbeat

Answer 16

made up by the systole and diastole

Question 17

systole

Answer 17

is the period during which the ventricles contract

Question 18

diastole

Answer 18

is the period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all four chambers

Question 19

cardiac output

Answer 19

is defined as the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 20

heart rate

Answer 20

number of heartbeats per minute

Question 21

stroke volume

Answer 21

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction

Question 22

sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 22

a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium. It spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously

Question 23

autonomic nervous system

Answer 23

modifies the rate of heart contraction

Question 24

arteries

Answer 24

are thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart– except for the pulmonary arteries, which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 25

veins

Answer 25

are relatively thinly walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart-- except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 26

capillaries

Answer 26

have very thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes can easily defuse. They have the smallest diameter of all three types of vessels; red blood cells must often travel through them single file

Question 27

lymph nodes

Answer 27

are swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens

Question 28

plasma

Answer 28

is the liquid portion of the blood

Question 29

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Answer 29

are the oxygen carrying components of blood

Question 30

oxyhemoglobin

Answer 30

when hemoglobin binds oxygen

Question 31

leukocytes (white blood cells)

Answer 31

are larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions

Question 32

platelets

Answer 32

are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation as well as wound healing

Question 33

serum

Answer 33

the fluid left after blood clotting

Question 34

humoral immunity

Answer 34

involves the production of antibodies

Question 35

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 35

which involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection

Question 36

lymphocytes

Answer 36

are responsible for both of these immune mechanisms

Question 37

immunoglobulins

Answer 37

are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them

Question 38

active immunity

Answer 38

refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response

Question 39

passive immunity

Answer 39

involves the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organims

Question 40

gamma globulin

Answer 40

the fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity

Question 41

skin

Answer 41

is a physical barrier against bacterial invasion

Question 42

macrophages

Answer 42

engulf and destroy foreign particles

Question 43

interferons

Answer 43

diffuse to other cells, where they help prevent the spread of the virus

Question 44

antigens

Answer 44

are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

Question 45

type AB blood

Answer 45

is the "universal recipient" as it has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Question 46

type O blood

Answer 46

is considered to be the "universal donor"; it will not elicit a response from the recipient's immune system since it does not possess any surface antigens

Question 47

stem

Answer 47

is the primary organ of transport in the plant

Question 48

vascular bundles

Answer 48

run up and down the stem

Question 49

xylem

Answer 49

are thick-walled, often hollow cells located on the inside of the vascular bundle (towards the center of the stem). They carry water and minerals up the plant and their thick walls give the plant its rigid support

Question 50

sapwood

Answer 50

what the outer layer of xylem is called

Question 51

transpiration pull

Answer 51

as water evaporates from the leaves of plants, a vacuum is created which pulls water up the stem

Question 52

capillary action

Answer 52

any liquid in a thin tube will rise due to the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube

Question 53

root pressure

Answer 53

water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure which pushes water up the stem

Question 54

phloem

Answer 54

are thin walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle. They usually transport nutrients (especially carbohydrates produced in the leaves) down the stem

Question 55

cambium

Answer 55

(two layers thick) are the actively dividing, undifferentiated cells which give rise to xylem and phloem.

Question 56

fibrovascular bundle

Answer 56

composed of the phloem, cambium and xylem layers

Question 57

gross structure of a woody stem

Answer 57

proceeding from the outside inwards, the following layers occur: epidermis (outer bark), cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem, and pith (tissue involved in storage of nutrients and plant support)

Question 58

root

Answer 58

functions to absorb materials through the root hairs and anchor the plant

Question 59

root hairs

Answer 59

are specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin-walled projections. They increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil

Question 60

meristem

Answer 60

refers to the actively dividing, undifferentiated cells of a plant