Chapters 12 & 13 Flashcards
female reproductive system (function)
it is designed to produce and transport ova, discharge ova from the body if fertilization does not occur, and nourish and provide a place for the developing fetus throughout pregnancy if fertilization occurs
external genitalia
sex, or reproductive, organs visible on the outside of the body; also called genitals
gestation
length of time from conception to birth
lactation
production and release of milk by mammary glands
orifice
mouth; entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure
internal organs of the female reproductive system
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
external genitalia of the female reproductive system
collectively known as the vulva; includes the labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, Bartholin glands, and mons pubis
mons pubis
an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubis
perineum
the area between the vaginal orifice and the anus
ovaries
pair of almond-shaped glands that contain thousand of saclike structure called graafian follicles (each which contain an ovum)
ovulation
when an ovum ripens, the mature follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the ovum
corpus luteum (post-ovulation)
a small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone (purpose)
- influence the menstrual cycle and menopause
- prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg
- help maintain energy
- promote growth of the placenta
- play an important role in the development of secondary sex characteristics
fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine tubes)
tubes on either side of the uterus through which the ovum travels to the uterus and where fertilization occurs
uterus
organ that contains and nourishes the embryo from the time the fertilized egg is implanted until the fetus is born; consists of three parts:
1) fundus - upper, rounded part
2) body - the central part
3) cervix - inferior constricted portion that opens into the vagina
vagina
a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body; its lining consists of folds of mucous membrane that give the organ an elastic quality
Bartholin glands
releases secretions to lubricate the vaginal orifice during sexual excitement
clitoris
an organ composed of erectile tissue that is richly innervated with sensory endings
mammary glands (function)
their biological role is to secrete milk for the nourishment of a newborn; breasts enlarge due to the development of adipose tissue during puberty
mammary glands (structure)
each breast is composed of lobules of milk-producing glands that are drained by a lactiferous duct, which opens on the tip of the nipple
menarche
the initial menstrual period
menstrual phase (menstrual cycle)
uterine endometrium sloughs off because of hormonal stimulation, a process accompanied by bleeding; the detached tissue and blood are discharged through the vagina as menstrual flow
ovulatory phase (menstrual cycle)
when menstruation ceases, the endometrium begins to thicken as new tissue is rebuilt; as the estrogen level rises, several ova begin to mature in the graafian follicles, usually with only one ovum reaching full maturity; at about day 14, the graafian follicle ruptures, releasing the egg; the egg then leaves the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus
postovulatory phase (menstrual cycle)
the empty graafian follicle fills with a yellow material and is now called the corpus luteum; secretions of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum stimulate the building of the endometrium in preparation for implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate as estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
parturition
childbirth
embryo
the product of conception up to the third month of pregnancy
fetus
unborn offspring from the third month of pregnancy to the time of birth
labor
the physiological process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus; occurs in three stages:
1) stage of dilation - cervix must dilate until 10 cm
2) stage of expulsion - completion of dilation to birth of the baby
3) placental stage - the discharge of the placenta from the uterus
menopause
the cessation of ovarian activity and diminished hormone production that occurs at about age 50
change of life (climacteric)
the period in which symptoms of approaching menopause occur
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
colp/o (1 of 2)
vagina
vagin/o (1 of 2)
vagina
galact/o (1 of 2)
milk
lact/o (1 of 2)
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o (1 of 3)
uterus (womb)
metri/o (1 of 3)
uterus (womb)
uter/o (1 of 3)
uterus (womb)
mamm/o (1 of 2)
breast
mast/o (1 of 2)
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o
uterus (womb); measure
nat/o
birth
oophor/o (1 of 2)
ovary
ovari/o (1 of 2)
ovary
perine/o
perineum (area between the scrotum [or the vulva in the female] and anus)
salping/o
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear (offspring)
-salpinx
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
-tocia
childbirth, labor
-version
turning
ante-
before, in front of
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
endo-
in, within
multi-
many, much
post-
after
primi-
first
gynecology (GYN)
the branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the femlae reproductive organs and breasts
obstetrics (OB)
the branch of medicine that manages the health of a woman and her fetus during pregnancy and childbirth
puerperium
the period of adjustment after childbirth during which the reproductive organs of the mother retune to their normal, nonpregnant stae (6-8 weeks)
endometriosis
the presence of functional tissue in areas outside the uterus that develops into implants, lesions, or growths, amd can cause pain, infertility, and other problems
pelvic infammatory disease (PID)
the general term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures; it is usually caused by bacterial infections that generally enter through the vagina during coitus, induced abortion, childbirth, and the postpartum period
breast cancer (carcinoma of the breast)
the most common malignancy of women in the US which appears to be associated with ovarian hormonal function
cervical cancer
cancer that most commonly affects women between ages 40 and 49 and increased risk of developing this cancer is associated with first coitus at a young age, a large number of sex partners, infection with certain sexually transmitted viruses, and frequent intercourse with men whose previous partners had cervical cancer; can be caught early on with a Pap test
Pap test
a cytological examination that can detect cervial cancer before the disease becomes clinically evident
atresia
congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina
choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
dyspareunia
occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
menstrual disorders
abnormal condition in the menstrual cycle; also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
amenorrhea (menstrual disorders)
absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
dysmenorrhea (menstrual disorders)
cramps or painful menstruation
menorrhagia (menstrual disorders)
abnormally heavy, prolonged menstrual period
metrorrhagia (menstrual disorders)
irregular uterine bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause
oligomenorrhea (menstrual disorders)
abnormally light or infrequent menstrual periods
premenstrual syndrome (menstrual disorders, PMS)
symptoms that occur between ovulation and the onset of menstruation
sterility
inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
uterine fibroids
benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus; also called leiomyomas, myomas, or fibroids
abortion (AB)
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving on its own
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor; also called placental abruption
breech presentation
common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head
Down syndrome
genetic condition in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy), altering physical and mental development of the child; also called trisomy 21
eclampsia
most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity
placenta previa
obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal and that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
amniocentesis
transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle (with the needle’s position verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential generic defects
colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
cordocentesis
diagnostic prenatal test in which a sample of the baby’s blood is removed from the umbilical cord for testing; also called percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
emdometrial biopsy
removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
insufflation
delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual eaxamination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
an exfoliative cytology test to detect abnormal cells that are scraped from the cervix, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
pelvimetry
measurement of pelvic dimensions to determin whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow vaginal delivery
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
mammography
radiographic examination of the breasts to screen for breast cancer
transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS)
ultrasonography of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis
cerclage
suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion or preterm birth
cesarean section (C-section)
incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus
colpocleisis
surgical closure of the vaginal canal
conization
excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix for histological examination
cryosurgery
process of frezzing tissue to detroy cells; also called cryocautery
dilation and curettage (D&C)
widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
hysterectomy
excision of the uterus
subtotal hysterectomy
hysterectomy in which the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
total hysterectomy
hysterectomy in which the cervix is removed byt the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy
total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (hysterectomy)
total (complete) hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary brest tumor (or “lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
mammoplasty
surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
augmentation (mammoplasty)
insertion of a breast prothesis (filled with silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pectoralis major muscle
reduction (mammoplasty)
breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
mastectomy
removal of the breast
total/simple mastectomy
excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin
modified radical mastectomy
excision of the enire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection) but with the chest muscles left intact
radical mastectomy
excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and the chest wall muscles under the breast
reconstructive breast surgery
creation of a breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed as a result of cancer or other disease
tissue (skin) expansion reconstructive breast surgery
common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaces with a more permanent implant
transverse rectus abdominus muscle (TRAM) flap reconstructive breast surgery
surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast areas; the abdominal tissue (flap) is then shaped into a natural-looking breast and sutured into place
tubal ligation
procedure the ties (ligates) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
intrauterine device (IUD)
small, T-shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy
antifungals
treat vaginal yeast infection by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
estrogens
treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, fatigue) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT); may be given orally or topically; topical use may decrease risks
oral contraceptives
synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy and treat menstrual disorders
oxytocics
induce labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uterine contractions
prostaglandins
terminate pregnancy
spermicides
chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
AUB
abnormal uterine bleeding
C-section, CS
cesarean section
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
D&C
dilatation (dilation) and curettage
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
GYN
gynecology
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IUD
intrauterine device
LMP
last menstrual period
OB
obstetrics
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills
Pap
Papanicolaou (test)
para 1, 2, 3, and so on
unipara, bipara, tripera (number of viable births)
PUBS
percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
STI
sexually transmitted infection
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominus muscle (flap)
TVUS
transvaginal ultrasonography
male reproductive system (function)
- produces, maintains, and transports sperm
- respondible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics
gamete
reproductive cell (ovum or sperm) that contains one-half of the chromosomes required to produce an offspring of the species
libido
psychological and physical desire for sexual activity
semen
fluid containing sperm and secretion from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system; also called seminal fluid
sphincter
ringlike muscle that open and closes a body opening to allow or restrict passage through the structure
testosterone
androgenic hormone responsible for the development of the male sex organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, and prostate
scrotum
an external sac lying behind and below the penis contained two testes; its muscular wall allows for the control of temperature of the testes
testes
contained in the scrotum; produce the hormone testorterone; contain numerous small tubes that twist and coil to form seminiferous tubules, which produce sperm
epidiymis
a structure that stores sperm after it leaves the seminiferous tubules; the first duct through which sperm passes after it production in the testes
vas deferens (seminal duct or ductus deferens)
a narrow tube that passes through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity which extends over the top and down the posterior surface of the bladder
seminal vesicle
structure which contains nutrients that support sperm viability and produces approximately 60% of the semen that is ultimately ejaculated during sexual intercourse
ejaculatory duct
structure formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle which joins the urethra
prostate gland
a triple-lobed organ fused to the base of the bladder which secretes a think, alkaline substance that accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid
bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
two pea-shaped structures that are located below the prostate and are connected by a small duct to the urethra which provide additional alkaline fluid that neutralizes any residual acidity in the male urethra to further assist sperm viability
penis
the male organ of copulation that is composed of erectile tissue that becomes regid and erect upon sexual arousal and encloses the urethra which expels both urine and semen from the body
glans penis
the enlarges tip of the penis and contains the urethral orifice (meatus) through which the urin and semen exit the body
prepuce (foreskin)
a movable hood of skin that covers the glans penis
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
crypt/o
hidden
epididym/o
epididymis
genit/o
genitalia
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
gon/o
seed (ovum or spermatozoon)
olig/o
scanty
orch/o (1 of 4)
testis (plural, testes)
orchi/o (1 of 4)
testis (plural, testes)
orchid/o (1 of 4)
testis (plural, testes)
test/o (1 of 4)
testis (plural, testes)
prostat/o
prostate gland
spermat/o (1 of 2)
spermatozoa, sperm cells
sperm/o (1 of 2)
spermatozoa, sperm cells
varic/o
dilated vein
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
vasicul/o
seminal vesicle
-cide
killing
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
-ism
condition
-spadias
slit, fissure
brachy-
short
epi-
above, upon
urology
the branch of medicine concerned with the male reproductive system and urinary disorders in males and females
urologist
the physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders
sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STI/Ds)
any contagious disease acquired during sexual activity with an infected partner which can lead to severe reproductive problems, including sterility and infertility in males and females and ectopic pregnancy, preterm delivery, and infection transmitted to the newborn during delivery in females
gonorrhea
caused by Neisseria gonorrheae; it involves the mucosal surface of the genitourinary tract and can also involve the rectum and pahrynx
chlamydia
caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; it is called the “silent disease” because symptoms are commonly absent or mild, and the disease remains untreated until there is irreversible damage to the reproductive structures
syphilis
caused by Treponema pallidum; manifests in three stages:
1) primary syphilis - chancre appears
2) secondary - body rash
3) tertiary - develops 3 to 15 weeks after exposure
genital herpes
causes red, blisterlike lesions in the genital area that closely resemble fever blisters or cold sores that appear on the lips and around the mouth; caused by the herpes simplex virus; can be transmitted through viral shedding
genital warts (condylomata, condylomas)
caused by one or more of the many different human papillomavirus strains; can spread through skin-to-skin contact
trichomoniasis
caused by Trichomonas vaginalis; affects males and females but symptoms are more common in females
prostate cancer
one of the most common form of cancer among men; early presymptomatic tests include a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and periodic digital rectal examination (DRE)
prostate cancer (treatment)
surgery that removes the entire prostate, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes (radical prostatectomy) is the best treatment option; hormone therapy can help manage the disease; removal of both testes (bilateral orchiectomy, castration) blocks testosterone but is permamnent and irreversible
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP)
enlargement of the prostate, usually as part og the aging process that constricts the urethra, causing urinary symptoms including frequency, hesitance, nocturia, and urinary retention
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, caused by bacteria, fungi, or a virus
erectile dysfunction (ED)
repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
hypogonadism
decrease or lack of hormones normally produces by the gonads
hypospadias
congenital abnormality in which the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
phimosis
stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis
priapism
prolonged, commonly painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation
prostatitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate
sterility
inability to produce offspring
testicular abnormalities
any of the various disorders that affect the testes
anorchism (testicular abnormalities)
absence of one or both testicles; also called anorchia or anorchidism
epididymitis (testicular abnormalities)
inflammation of the epididymis
hydrocele (testicular abnormalities)
swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless
orchitis (testicular abnormalities)
painful swelling of one or both testes commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty
spermatocele (testicular abnormalities)
abnormal, fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain sperm; also called spermatic cyst
testicular mass (testicular abnormalities)
new tissue growth that appears on one or both testes and may be malignant or benign
testicular torsion (testicular abnormalities)
spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle
testicular cancer (testicular abnormalities)
malignancy that develops in one or both testes, commonly presenting as a small lump or tenderness on the testicle, swelling in the scrotum and, occasionally, enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia)
varicocele (testicular abnormalities)
swelling and distension of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs
digital rectal examination (DRE)
screening test in males that evaluates the size and consistency of the prostate
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostate cancer; also called tumor market test
semen analysis
test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vastectomy
scrotal ultrasound (US)
imaging procedure using sound waves to assess the contents of the scrotum, including the testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens; also called testicular ultrasound
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy of the prostate
imaging procedure using soundwaves emitted by a probe inserted through the rectum to serve as a guide for biopsy of the prostate when PSA and DRE are abnormal
circumcision
removal of the foreskin, or fold of skin covering the tip (glans) of the penis
orchiopexy
fixation of the testes in the scrotum
prostatectomy
removal of all or part of the prostate
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
excision of prostate tissue by inserting a special endoscope (resectoscope) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from the prostate gland
urethroplasty
reconstruction of the urethra to relieve stricture or narrowing
vasectomy
removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens for male sterilization
brachytherapy of the prostate
radiation oncology procedure where radioactive “seeds” are places directly within or near a tumor in the prostate to destroy malignant cells
cryotherapy of the prostate
freezing of the prostate, causing cancer cells to die
external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
procedure in which the patient is positioned at a distance from the radiation source, which is then directed at the prostate; also called external beam radiation (EBT) or teletherapy
alpha- I blockers
block alpha- I receptors in the prostate and bladder, relaxing muscles and improving uring flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia
androgens
increase testosterone levels
antiandrogens
suppress the production of androgen
anti-impotence agents
treat erectile dysfunctions (impotence) by increasing blood flow to the penis, resulting in an erection
antivirals
treat viral disorders by inhibiting the development of the offending virus
ADT
androgen deprivation therapy
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy
DRE
digital rectal examination
EBRT
external beam radiation therapy
EBT
external beam therapy
ED
erectile dysfunction; emergency department
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HPV
human papillomavirus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
STD
sexually transmitted disease
STI
sexually transmitted infection
TRUS
transrectal ultrasound
TSE
testicular self-examination
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
US
ultrasound
