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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gastrointestinal (GI) system

A

consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract and several accessory organs whose primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste

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2
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces

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3
Q

bolus

A

mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

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4
Q

exocrine

A

type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

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5
Q

sphincter

A

circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

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6
Q

triglycerides

A

organic compound, a true fta, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

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7
Q

mouth (oral cavity)

A

formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips, teeth, tongue, and hard and soft palates and acts as a receptacle for food; starts the process of digestion as food is broken down mechanically and chemically and then formed into a bolus

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8
Q

teeth

A

plays an important role in the initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food into smaller pieces as they mix it with saliva; the are made up of three layers:

1) hard enamel - gives them their smooth, white appearance
2) dentin - the main structure of the tooth
3) pulp - the innermost part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels

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9
Q

tongue

A

assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing; are covered in papillae containing taste buds that are responsible for taste

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10
Q

taste buds

A

located on the papillae of the tongue, they are responsible for the four basic taste sensations including sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

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11
Q

hard palate

A

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth that is covered in mucous membranes

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12
Q

soft palate

A

posterior portion of the rood of the mouth which forms a partition between the mouth and the nasopharynx that is covered in mucous membranes

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13
Q

pharynx

A

also known as the throat through which the tongue pushes the bolus; it serves as a passageway to the respiratory and GI tracts and provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds; divides into the trachea and the esophagus

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14
Q

uvula

A

a soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure which guides the bolus as it enters the pharynx

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15
Q

trachea

A

portion of the pharynx that leads to the lungs

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16
Q

esophagus

A

portion of the pharynx that leads to the stomach

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17
Q

epiglottis

A

a small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus

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18
Q

stomach

A

a saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant od the abdominal cavity which serves as a food reservoir that continue mechanical and chemical digestion

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19
Q

low esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

A

the terminal portion of the esophagus that is composed of muslce fibers and constricts once food has passed into the sotmach to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus

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20
Q

body of the stomach

A

the large central portion of the stomach that mainly acts as a storage area

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21
Q

fundus

A

the upper portion of the stomach that acts mainly as a storage area

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22
Q

pylorus

A

the funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach in which most digestion takes place

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23
Q

rugae

A

macroscopic longitudal folds linging the interior of the stomach that unfolds as the stomach fills that contain digestive glands that produce hydrochloric acid and enzymes

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24
Q

chyme

A

a semiliquid form of the bolus created from secretions from digestive glands and mechanical churcing of the stomach

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25
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

opening through which chyme slowly leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum and prohibits backflow

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26
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscle contractions which propel food through the enitre GI tract

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27
Q

small intestine

A

a coiled tube of approximately 20 feet long in which nutrients in chyme is absorbed through villi into the bloodstream and lymphatic system; it consists of three parts:

1) duodenum - the uppermost segment, which is approximately 10 inches long
2) jejunum - which is approximately 8 feet long
3) ileum - which is approximately 12 feet long

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28
Q

ileocecal valve

A

a sphincter muscle that allows undigested food or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body

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29
Q

large intestine

A

a tube of approximately 5 feet long in which no digestion takes place; it consists of 3 parts:

1) cecum
2) colon
3) rectum

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30
Q

cecum

A

the first two to three inches of the large intestine that make up a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve

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31
Q

appendix

A

a small, wormlike structure projecting downward from the cecum with no apparent function

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32
Q

colon

A

the middle part of the large intestine that functions to absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material; it is divided into 4 portions:

1) ascending
2) transverse
3) descending
4) sigmoid

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33
Q

ascending colon

A

extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the hepatic flexure

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34
Q

transverse colon

A

second part of the colon that continues across the abdomen to the left side as it curves beneath the lower end of the spleen to form the splenic fixture

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35
Q

descending colon

A

third portion of the colon that continues downward after the transverse colon

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36
Q

sigmoid colon

A

last part of the colon formed from the end of the descending colon

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37
Q

rectum

A

last part of the large intestine which terminates at the anus

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38
Q

liver

A

the largest glandular organ in the body located beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ and LUQ that has many functions:

  • producing bile, which aids in the digestion of fat
  • removing glucose from the blood to synthesize glycogen and retain it for later use
  • storing vitamins
  • destroying or transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds
  • maintaining normal glucose levels in the blood
  • destroying old erythrocytes and releasing bilibrium
  • synthesizing proteins that circulate in the blood
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39
Q

pancreas

A

an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach which performs endocrine and exocrine functions

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40
Q

pancreas (endocrine function)

A

it secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels

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41
Q

pancreas (exocrine function)

A

digestive enzymes are passed into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct which digest proteins

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42
Q

gallbladder

A

a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver that serves as a storage area for bile which is released into the duodenum through the common bile duct

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43
Q

or/o (1 of 2)

A

mouth

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44
Q

stomat/o (1 of 2)

A

mouth

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45
Q

gloss/o (1 of 2)

A

tongue

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46
Q

lingu/o (1 of 2)

A

tongue

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47
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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48
Q

cheil/o (1 of 2)

A

lip

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49
Q

labi/o (1 of 2)

A

lip

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50
Q

dent/o (1 of 2)

A

teeth

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51
Q

odont/o (1 of 2)

A

teeth

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52
Q

gingiv/o

A

gum(s)

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53
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

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54
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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55
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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56
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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57
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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58
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

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59
Q

enter/o

A

intestine (usually small intestine)

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60
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum (second part of the small intestine)

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61
Q

ile/o

A

ileum (third part of small intestine)

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62
Q

append/o (1 of 2)

A

appendix

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63
Q

appendic/o (1 of 2)

A

appendix

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64
Q

col/o (1 of 2)

A

colon

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65
Q

colon/o (1 of 2)

A

colon

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66
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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67
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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68
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

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69
Q

an/o

A

anus

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70
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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71
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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72
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel

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73
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

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74
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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75
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

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76
Q

-emesis

A

vomit

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77
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

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78
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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79
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

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80
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

81
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing, eating

82
Q

-prandial

A

meal

83
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge, flow

84
Q

dia-

A

through, across

85
Q

peri-

A

around

86
Q

sub-

A

under, below

87
Q

gastroenterology

A

the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases

88
Q

gastroenterologist

A

the physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorder

89
Q

ulcer

A

a circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

90
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

one of the most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system that primarily develop in the stomach and duodenum; a common cause includes the erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria

91
Q

hernia

A

a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained and is generally applied to protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) through the abdominal wall

92
Q

inguinal hernia

A

a type of hernia that develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flech meet the thighs

93
Q

strangulated hernia

A

a type of hernia that develops if blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure; this can lead to necrosis with gangrene

94
Q

umbilical hernia

A

a type of hernia which is a protrusion of part of the intesttine at the navel that is most common in obese women and those who have had several pregnancies

95
Q

congenital hernia

A

hernia occuring in newborn infants or during early childhood

96
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

a congenital disorder in which a hernia develops in the diaphragm rather than the abdominal region

97
Q

hiatal hernia

A

a type of hernia in which the lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slide through an opening in the diaphragm into the thorax that can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

98
Q

hepatitis

A

an inflammatory condition of the liver that can cause significant morbidity and can be catagorized as A, B, or C

99
Q

hepatitis A

A

infectious hepatitis that is most commonly caused by the ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk

100
Q

hepatitis B

A

serum hepatitis that is usually transmitted by routes other than the mouth, such as from blood transfusions and sexual contact

101
Q

hepatitis C

A

type of hepatitis that is usually transmitted by routes other than the mouth, such as from blood transfusions and sexual contact

102
Q

diverticulosis

A

a condition in which small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall

103
Q

stomach cancer

A

this neoplasm nearly always develops from the epithelial or mucousal lining of the stomach in the form of gastric adenocarcinoma

104
Q

types of GI carcinomas

A
  • gastric adenocarcinoma
  • esophageal carcinoma
  • hepatocellular carcinomas
  • pancreatic carcinomas
  • colorectal cancer
105
Q

anorexia

A

lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

106
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

107
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

108
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

109
Q

cachexia

A

physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer; also called wasting syndrome

110
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

111
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

112
Q

Crohn disease

A

form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any portion of the inestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

113
Q

dysentry

A

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea

114
Q

flatus

A

gasa in the GI tract; expelling air from a body orifice, especially the anus

115
Q

halitosis

A

foul-smelling breath

115
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

116
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of bloof from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

117
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

118
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel

119
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon

120
Q

malabsorption syndrome

A

symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

121
Q

melena

A

dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

122
Q

obesity

A

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight

123
Q

morbid obesity

A

obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

124
Q

obstipation

A

severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

125
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

126
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

127
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

128
Q

regurgitation

A

a backward flow, as in the rectum of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

129
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, commonly beginning in the retum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon

130
Q

gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors

131
Q

hepatitis panel

A

panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus - hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV) - that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

132
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract

133
Q

serum bilirubin

A

measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

134
Q

stool culture

A

test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

135
Q

stool guaiac

A

test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stoll sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult (trade name of a modified guaiac test)

136
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

137
Q

lower gastrointestinal series

A

radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema

138
Q

oral cholecystography (OCG)

A

radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

139
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional view of soft tissue

140
Q

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct

141
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

test in which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

142
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A

ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder

143
Q

endoscopic ultrasonography

A

combination of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs

144
Q

upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)

A

radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration or barium; also called barium swallow

145
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from on to another

146
Q

ileorectal anastomosis

A

surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

147
Q

intestinal anastomosis

A

surgical connection of two portions of the intestines

148
Q

appendectomy

A

excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure

149
Q

open appendectomy

A

excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the RLQ of the abdomen

150
Q

laparoscopic appendectomy

A

minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor

151
Q

bariatric surgery

A

group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems

152
Q

vertical banded gastroplasty (bariatric surgery)

A

bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food comsumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

153
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB, bariatric surgery)

A

bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctionting portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats; also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

154
Q

colostomy

A

surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdomincal wall and suturing it into place

155
Q

lithotripsy

A

procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

156
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

157
Q

paracentesis

A

procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly; also called abdominocentesis

158
Q

polypectomy

A

exicision of a polyp

159
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distension by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for labratory analysis

160
Q

antacids

A

counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach

161
Q

antidiarrheals

A

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalisis in the intestinal tract

162
Q

antiemetics

A

control nausea and comiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

163
Q

antispasmodics

A

decrease gastrointestinal (GI) spasms by slowing peristalisis and motility throughout the GI tract

164
Q

histamine - 2 (H2) blockers

A

inhibit secretion of stomach acid from the gastric cells by blocking the H2 receptor

165
Q

laxatives

A

treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation

166
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

supress basal and stimulates acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells

167
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

168
Q

Ba

A

barium

169
Q

BaE, BE

A

barium enema

170
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

171
Q

BMI

A

body mass index

172
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

173
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

174
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

175
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)

176
Q

GBS

A

gallbladder series

177
Q

GER

A

gastroesophageal reflux

178
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

179
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

180
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

181
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

182
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

183
Q

HDV

A

hepatitis D virus

184
Q

HEV

A

hepatitis E virus

185
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

186
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

187
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

188
Q

MRCP

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

189
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

190
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

191
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystography

192
Q

PE

A

physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)

193
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

194
Q

R/O

A

rule out

195
Q

RGB

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

196
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant

197
Q

UGIS

A

upper gastrointestinal series

198
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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