Chapter 5 Flashcards
accessory organs of the skin
hair, nails, and glands
integumentary system
elaborate system of distinct tissues includes glands that produce several types of secretions, nerves that transmit pulses, and blood vessels that help regulate body temperature
androgen
genetic term for an agent (usually or hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics
ductule
very small duct
duct/o
to lead or carry
homeostasis
state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in external environment
-stasis
standing still
synthesize
forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements
functions of skin
1) protect against ultraviolet rays
2) regulate body temperature
3) prevent dehydration
4) act as a reservoir for food and water
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
strata
sublayers of the epidermis
stratum corneum (location)
most superficial layer of the epidermis
basal layer (location)
deepest layer of epidermis
stratum corneum (composition)
composed of dead, flat cells with no blood supply or sensory receptors
basal layer (composition)
composed of living cells
melanocytes
located in basal layer and produces a black pigment called melanin
melanin function
provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation
inheritance of melanin
melanin is genetically regulated and inherited
albino
refers to a person who cannot produce melanin and has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin
dermis (corium)
second layer of skin that contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands
product of sebaceous glands
oil
product of sudoriferous glands
sweat
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
binds dermis to underlying structures and is made up of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat)
hypodermis (functions)
binds dermis to underlying structures, stores fat, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature
exocrine glands
secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body
axilae
armpits
sudoriferous glands (function)
cool the body by evaporation, excrete waste products, and moisten surface cells
sebum
oily secretion of sebaceous glands as cells disintegrate
sebum (function)
destroys harmful organisms on the skin
sebaceous glands (location)
present over the entire body except on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands
hair (location)
found over the entire body but the lips, nipples, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and parts of the external genitalia
hair shaft
visible part of the hair
hair root
part of hair that is embedded in the dermis
hair follicle
refers to the hair root as well as its coverings
papilla
a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering at the bottom of the hair follicle
alopecia
baldness due to the death of papillae
nails (function)
protect the tips of the fingers and toes from bruises and injuries
nail root
where the nail is formed
nail (composition)
composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous cells
nailbed
the layer of epithelium on top of which the nail attaches and slides forward as it grows (continuous with the skin)
nail body
refers to the nail overall as it is attached to the nailbed
lunula
region on the nail body in which new growth occurs (whitish in appearance)
adip/o
fat
lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
cutane/o
skin
hidr/o
sweat
sudor/o
sweat
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
myc/o
fungus (plural, fungi)
onych/o
nail
ungu/o
nail
pil/o
hair
trich/o
hair
nid/o
nest
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous
squam/o
scale
xen/o
foreign, strange
xer/o
dry
-derma
skin
py/o
pus
cry/o
cold
dermatology
the medical speciality concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin
dermatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases
lesions
areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
localized (lesion)
lesions that affect tissue over an area of definite size
systemic (lesions)
lesions that may be widely spread throughout the body
primary skin lesions
the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated
secondary skin lesions
changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease
flat lesions (primary)
flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size
macule (flat, primary)
flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter; ex: freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella
two types of elevated lesions (primary)
solid or fluid-filled
papule (solid, elevated, primary)
solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented; ex: nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema
nodule (solid, elevated, primary)
palpable, circumscribed lesion; larger and deeper than a papule (0.6 to 2 cm in diameter); extends into the dermal area; ex: intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor
tumor (solid, elevated, primary)
solid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers; ex: lipoma, steatoma, dermatofibroma, hemangioma
wheal (solid, elevated, primary)
elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema (swelling) that varies in size, shape, and color; paler in the center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching; ex: hives, insect bites, urticaria
vesicle (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)
elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter; ex: poison ivy, shingles, chicken pox
pustule (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)
small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter; ex: acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies
bulla (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)
a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter; ex: second-degree burns, severe poison oak, poison ivy
depressed lesions
caused by loss of skin surface
exocriations (depressed, secondary)
linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis; ex: scratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns
fissure (depressed, secondary)
small slit or cracklike sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be caused by continuous infamaron and drying
ulcer (depressed, secondary)
an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring; ex: pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma
burns
tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents
systemic effects are life-threatening and may include dehydration, shock, and infection
first-degree (superficial) burns
least serious type of burn; only the epidermis is injured
causes of first-degree burns
thermal burn, sunburn, chemical burn
effects of first-degree burns
local effects only; cause erythema and hyperesthesia; no blisters and no scarring
second-degree (partial-thickness) burns
deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis
causes of second-degree burns
caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals
effects of second-degree burns
fluid-filled blisters (vesicles or bullae) form; little to no scarring
third-degree (full-thickness) burns
the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged
causes of third-degree burns
caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, or extremely hot objects
effects of third-degree burns
ulcerating wounds develop, body attempts to heal by forming scar tissue; skin grafting (dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect the underlying tissue and assist in recovery
neoplasm
abnormal growth of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant
benign neoplasms
bonanzas growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
malignant neoplasms
cancer; composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (METASTASIS)
types of cancer treatment
surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy
immunotherapy (biotherapy)
newer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells
combined-modality treatment
a combination of treatments
tumor grading
evaluates cells from the tumor site to determine how closely the biopsied tissue resembles normal tissue
grade I (tumor grading)
tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions
grade II (tumor grading)
tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated; less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in shape and size of tumor cells, increased mitoses
grade III (tumor grading)
tumor cells poorly differentiated; increased abnormality in appearance, with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin, marker variation in shape and size of tumor cells, greatly increased mitoses
grade IV (tumor grading)
tumor cells very poorly differentiated; abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor’s origin is difficult, extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
tumor staging
TNM system (tumor, node, metastasis); classifies solid tumors by size and degree of spread; the higher the number, the greater is the extent of spread of malignancy
T (tumor staging)
size and intensiveness of the primary tumor
N (tumor staging)
area lymph nodes involved in
M (tumor staging)
invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor
basal cell carcinoma
most common type; commonly caused by overexposure to sunlight; metastases are uncommon
basal cell carcinoma (treatment)
curettage and electrodesiccation, chemotherapy, surgical excision, radiation, or chemosurgery
TX
primary tumor cannot be evaluated
T0
no evidence of tumor
Tis (Stage I)
carcinoma in situ, which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues
T1, T2, T3, T4 (Stage II)
primary tumor size and extent of local invasion
NX
regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated
N0
regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities
N1, N2, N3, N4 (Stage III)
degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes
MX
distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated
M0
no evidence of metastasis
M1 (Stage IV)
presence of metastasis
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing); an invasive tumor with potential of metastasis
carcinogens
cancer-causing agents
in situ squamous cell carcinoma
confined to the original site
invasive squamous cell carcinoma
penetrating the surrounding tissue
malignant melanoma
malignant growth of melanocytes; most lethal skin cancer
abscess
localized collection of pus at the site of infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
acne
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and are estuary associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris
alopecia
partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness
Bowen disease
very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by red, scaly patch in the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ
cellulitis
diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
chloasma
pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots
comedo
typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
decubitus ulcer
inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as pressure ulcer
ecchymosis
skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise
eczema
chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritus); also called atopic dermatitis
erythema
redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
eschar
dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn; a scab
impetigo
bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
keratosis
thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
lentigo
small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought in by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person
pallor
unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
pedicul/o
lice
pediculosis
infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear
petechia
minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
puritus
intense itching
psoriasis
chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by think, dry, silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
purpura
any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
scabies
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
tinea
fungal infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm
urticaria
allergic reaction if the skin characterized by the eruption is pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives
verruca
epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts
vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
allergy skin test
any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patent’s sensitivity to it
intradermal (allergy skin test)
skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
patch (allergy skin test)
skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped to the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response
scratch (allergy skin test)
skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture test or prick test
culture & sensitivity (C&S)
laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds (sensitivity)
frozen section (FS; biopsy)
ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
needle (biopsy)
removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
punch (biopsy)
removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
shave (biopsy)
removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade
Mohs
procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery of the skin
skin graft
transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site
allograft (skin graft)
transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft
autograft (skin graft)
transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
synthetic (skin graft)
transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
xenograft (skin graft)
transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft
chemical peel
chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion
cryosurgery
use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted cancerous, or infected tissue
débridement
removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
dermabrasion
rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis
fulguration
tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation
photodynamic therapy (PDT)
procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are to exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells
antiacne agents
reduce acne through multiple mechanisms; benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin
antifungals
alert the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death; itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole
antihistamines
inhibit allergic reactions if inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine; diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine
antiparasitics
kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice; lindane, permethrin
antiseptics
topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions; ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine
corticosteroids
decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage; hydrocortisone, triamcinolone
keratolytics (function)
destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed; salicylic acid, urea
topical anesthetics
block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes; lidocaine, procaine
protectives
cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin; lotions, ointments
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CA
cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
FS
frozen section
ID
intradermal
I&D
incision and drainage
IMP
impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
IV
intravenous
TNM
tumor-node-metastasis
ung
ointment
XP, XDP
xeroderma pigmentosum
