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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

accessory organs of the skin

A

hair, nails, and glands

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2
Q

integumentary system

A

elaborate system of distinct tissues includes glands that produce several types of secretions, nerves that transmit pulses, and blood vessels that help regulate body temperature

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3
Q

androgen

A

genetic term for an agent (usually or hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

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4
Q

ductule

A

very small duct

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5
Q

duct/o

A

to lead or carry

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in external environment

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7
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

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8
Q

synthesize

A

forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements

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9
Q

functions of skin

A

1) protect against ultraviolet rays
2) regulate body temperature
3) prevent dehydration
4) act as a reservoir for food and water

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10
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of the skin

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11
Q

strata

A

sublayers of the epidermis

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12
Q

stratum corneum (location)

A

most superficial layer of the epidermis

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13
Q

basal layer (location)

A

deepest layer of epidermis

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14
Q

stratum corneum (composition)

A

composed of dead, flat cells with no blood supply or sensory receptors

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15
Q

basal layer (composition)

A

composed of living cells

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16
Q

melanocytes

A

located in basal layer and produces a black pigment called melanin

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17
Q

melanin function

A

provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation

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18
Q

inheritance of melanin

A

melanin is genetically regulated and inherited

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19
Q

albino

A

refers to a person who cannot produce melanin and has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin

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20
Q

dermis (corium)

A

second layer of skin that contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands

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21
Q

product of sebaceous glands

A

oil

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22
Q

product of sudoriferous glands

A

sweat

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23
Q

subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

A

binds dermis to underlying structures and is made up of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue (fat)

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24
Q

hypodermis (functions)

A

binds dermis to underlying structures, stores fat, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature

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25
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body

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26
Q

axilae

A

armpits

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27
Q

sudoriferous glands (function)

A

cool the body by evaporation, excrete waste products, and moisten surface cells

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28
Q

sebum

A

oily secretion of sebaceous glands as cells disintegrate

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29
Q

sebum (function)

A

destroys harmful organisms on the skin

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30
Q

sebaceous glands (location)

A

present over the entire body except on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands

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31
Q

hair (location)

A

found over the entire body but the lips, nipples, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and parts of the external genitalia

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32
Q

hair shaft

A

visible part of the hair

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33
Q

hair root

A

part of hair that is embedded in the dermis

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34
Q

hair follicle

A

refers to the hair root as well as its coverings

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35
Q

papilla

A

a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering at the bottom of the hair follicle

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36
Q

alopecia

A

baldness due to the death of papillae

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37
Q

nails (function)

A

protect the tips of the fingers and toes from bruises and injuries

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38
Q

nail root

A

where the nail is formed

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39
Q

nail (composition)

A

composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous cells

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40
Q

nailbed

A

the layer of epithelium on top of which the nail attaches and slides forward as it grows (continuous with the skin)

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41
Q

nail body

A

refers to the nail overall as it is attached to the nailbed

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42
Q

lunula

A

region on the nail body in which new growth occurs (whitish in appearance)

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43
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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44
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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45
Q

steat/o

A

fat

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46
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

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47
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

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48
Q

sudor/o

A

sweat

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49
Q

ichthy/o

A

dry, scaly

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50
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue; hard; cornea

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51
Q

myc/o

A

fungus (plural, fungi)

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52
Q

onych/o

A

nail

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53
Q

ungu/o

A

nail

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54
Q

pil/o

A

hair

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55
Q

trich/o

A

hair

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56
Q

nid/o

A

nest

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57
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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58
Q

seb/o

A

sebum, sebaceous

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59
Q

squam/o

A

scale

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60
Q

xen/o

A

foreign, strange

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61
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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62
Q

-derma

A

skin

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63
Q

py/o

A

pus

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64
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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65
Q

dermatology

A

the medical speciality concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin

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66
Q

dermatologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases

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67
Q

lesions

A

areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

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68
Q

localized (lesion)

A

lesions that affect tissue over an area of definite size

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69
Q

systemic (lesions)

A

lesions that may be widely spread throughout the body

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70
Q

primary skin lesions

A

the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated

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71
Q

secondary skin lesions

A

changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease

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72
Q

flat lesions (primary)

A

flat, discolored, circumscribed lesions of any size

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73
Q

macule (flat, primary)

A

flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter; ex: freckle, flat mole, or rash that occurs in rubella

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74
Q

two types of elevated lesions (primary)

A

solid or fluid-filled

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75
Q

papule (solid, elevated, primary)

A

solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented; ex: nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema

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76
Q

nodule (solid, elevated, primary)

A

palpable, circumscribed lesion; larger and deeper than a papule (0.6 to 2 cm in diameter); extends into the dermal area; ex: intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor

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77
Q

tumor (solid, elevated, primary)

A

solid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers; ex: lipoma, steatoma, dermatofibroma, hemangioma

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78
Q

wheal (solid, elevated, primary)

A

elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema (swelling) that varies in size, shape, and color; paler in the center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching; ex: hives, insect bites, urticaria

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79
Q

vesicle (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)

A

elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter; ex: poison ivy, shingles, chicken pox

80
Q

pustule (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)

A

small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter; ex: acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies

81
Q

bulla (fluid-filled, elevated, primary)

A

a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter; ex: second-degree burns, severe poison oak, poison ivy

82
Q

depressed lesions

A

caused by loss of skin surface

83
Q

exocriations (depressed, secondary)

A

linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis; ex: scratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns

84
Q

fissure (depressed, secondary)

A

small slit or cracklike sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be caused by continuous infamaron and drying

85
Q

ulcer (depressed, secondary)

A

an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring; ex: pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma

86
Q

burns

A

tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents

systemic effects are life-threatening and may include dehydration, shock, and infection

87
Q

first-degree (superficial) burns

A

least serious type of burn; only the epidermis is injured

88
Q

causes of first-degree burns

A

thermal burn, sunburn, chemical burn

89
Q

effects of first-degree burns

A

local effects only; cause erythema and hyperesthesia; no blisters and no scarring

90
Q

second-degree (partial-thickness) burns

A

deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis

91
Q

causes of second-degree burns

A

caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals

92
Q

effects of second-degree burns

A

fluid-filled blisters (vesicles or bullae) form; little to no scarring

93
Q

third-degree (full-thickness) burns

A

the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying connective tissue is damaged

94
Q

causes of third-degree burns

A

caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity, or extremely hot objects

95
Q

effects of third-degree burns

A

ulcerating wounds develop, body attempts to heal by forming scar tissue; skin grafting (dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect the underlying tissue and assist in recovery

96
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal growth of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

97
Q

benign neoplasms

A

bonanzas growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing

98
Q

malignant neoplasms

A

cancer; composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (METASTASIS)

99
Q

types of cancer treatment

A

surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy

100
Q

immunotherapy (biotherapy)

A

newer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

101
Q

combined-modality treatment

A

a combination of treatments

102
Q

tumor grading

A

evaluates cells from the tumor site to determine how closely the biopsied tissue resembles normal tissue

103
Q

grade I (tumor grading)

A

tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin and, thus, retaining some specialized functions

104
Q

grade II (tumor grading)

A

tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated; less resemblance to tissue of origin, more variation in shape and size of tumor cells, increased mitoses

105
Q

grade III (tumor grading)

A

tumor cells poorly differentiated; increased abnormality in appearance, with only remote resemblance to the tissue of origin, marker variation in shape and size of tumor cells, greatly increased mitoses

106
Q

grade IV (tumor grading)

A

tumor cells very poorly differentiated; abnormal appearance to the extent that recognition of the tumor’s origin is difficult, extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells

107
Q

tumor staging

A

TNM system (tumor, node, metastasis); classifies solid tumors by size and degree of spread; the higher the number, the greater is the extent of spread of malignancy

108
Q

T (tumor staging)

A

size and intensiveness of the primary tumor

109
Q

N (tumor staging)

A

area lymph nodes involved in

110
Q

M (tumor staging)

A

invasiveness (metastasis) of the primary tumor

111
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common type; commonly caused by overexposure to sunlight; metastases are uncommon

112
Q

basal cell carcinoma (treatment)

A

curettage and electrodesiccation, chemotherapy, surgical excision, radiation, or chemosurgery

113
Q

TX

A

primary tumor cannot be evaluated

114
Q

T0

A

no evidence of tumor

115
Q

Tis (Stage I)

A

carcinoma in situ, which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues

116
Q

T1, T2, T3, T4 (Stage II)

A

primary tumor size and extent of local invasion

117
Q

NX

A

regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated

118
Q

N0

A

regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities

119
Q

N1, N2, N3, N4 (Stage III)

A

degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes

120
Q

MX

A

distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated

121
Q

M0

A

no evidence of metastasis

122
Q

M1 (Stage IV)

A

presence of metastasis

123
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing); an invasive tumor with potential of metastasis

124
Q

carcinogens

A

cancer-causing agents

125
Q

in situ squamous cell carcinoma

A

confined to the original site

126
Q

invasive squamous cell carcinoma

A

penetrating the surrounding tissue

127
Q

malignant melanoma

A

malignant growth of melanocytes; most lethal skin cancer

128
Q

abscess

A

localized collection of pus at the site of infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)

129
Q

acne

A

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts and are estuary associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris

130
Q

alopecia

A

partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness

131
Q

Bowen disease

A

very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by red, scaly patch in the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ

132
Q

cellulitis

A

diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

133
Q

chloasma

A

pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots

134
Q

comedo

A

typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

135
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as pressure ulcer

136
Q

ecchymosis

A

skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise

137
Q

eczema

A

chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritus); also called atopic dermatitis

138
Q

erythema

A

redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

139
Q

eschar

A

dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn; a scab

140
Q

impetigo

A

bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

141
Q

keratosis

A

thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

142
Q

lentigo

A

small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought in by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person

143
Q

pallor

A

unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

144
Q

pedicul/o

A

lice

145
Q

pediculosis

A

infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear

146
Q

petechia

A

minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

147
Q

puritus

A

intense itching

148
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by think, dry, silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

149
Q

purpura

A

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

150
Q

scabies

A

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

151
Q

tinea

A

fungal infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm

152
Q

urticaria

A

allergic reaction if the skin characterized by the eruption is pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

153
Q

verruca

A

epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts

154
Q

vitiligo

A

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

155
Q

allergy skin test

A

any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patent’s sensitivity to it

156
Q

intradermal (allergy skin test)

A

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction

157
Q

patch (allergy skin test)

A

skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped to the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response

158
Q

scratch (allergy skin test)

A

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture test or prick test

159
Q

culture & sensitivity (C&S)

A

laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds (sensitivity)

160
Q

frozen section (FS; biopsy)

A

ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

161
Q

needle (biopsy)

A

removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

162
Q

punch (biopsy)

A

removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

163
Q

shave (biopsy)

A

removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

164
Q

Mohs

A

procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery of the skin

165
Q

skin graft

A

transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

166
Q

allograft (skin graft)

A

transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft

167
Q

autograft (skin graft)

A

transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual

168
Q

synthetic (skin graft)

A

transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

169
Q

xenograft (skin graft)

A

transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft

170
Q

chemical peel

A

chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion

171
Q

cryosurgery

A

use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted cancerous, or infected tissue

172
Q

débridement

A

removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

173
Q

dermabrasion

A

rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

174
Q

fulguration

A

tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation

175
Q

photodynamic therapy (PDT)

A

procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are to exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells

176
Q

antiacne agents

A

reduce acne through multiple mechanisms; benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin

177
Q

antifungals

A

alert the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death; itraconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole

178
Q

antihistamines

A

inhibit allergic reactions if inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine; diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine

179
Q

antiparasitics

A

kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice; lindane, permethrin

180
Q

antiseptics

A

topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions; ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine

181
Q

corticosteroids

A

decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage; hydrocortisone, triamcinolone

182
Q

keratolytics (function)

A

destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed; salicylic acid, urea

183
Q

topical anesthetics

A

block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes; lidocaine, procaine

184
Q

protectives

A

cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin; lotions, ointments

185
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

186
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

187
Q

CA

A

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

188
Q

FS

A

frozen section

189
Q

ID

A

intradermal

190
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

191
Q

IMP

A

impression (synonymous with diagnosis)

192
Q

IV

A

intravenous

193
Q

TNM

A

tumor-node-metastasis

194
Q

ung

A

ointment

195
Q

XP, XDP

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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