Chapter 16 Flashcards
accommodation
adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye
acuity
clearness or sharpness of a sensory function
humor
any fluid or semifluid of the body
labyrinth
series of intricate communicating passages
opaque
substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light
perilymph
fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea
photopigment
light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs ight and initiates the visual process; also called visual pigment
refractive
ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another
stereopsis
depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object
fibrous tunic
the outermost layer of the eyeball that serves as a protective coat for the more sensitive structures beneath; including:
1) sclera
2) cornea
3) conjunctiva
sclera
provides strength, shape, and structure to the eye; it bulges forward in front of the eye to create the cornea
cornea
transparent body structure that allows light to enter the interior of the eye; does not contain capillaries and must rely on eye fluids for nourishment
conjunctiva
the outer surface of the eye that lines the eyelids; produces tears and mucus
vascular tunic (uvea)
middle layer; including:
1) choroid
2) iris
3) ciliary body
choroid
provides blood supply for the entire eye; prevents extraneous light from entering the eye; made up of:
1) iris
2) ciliary body
iris
a colored, contractile membrane with a perforated center; regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil
pupil
perforated cented of the iris through which light enters through
ciliary body
a circular muscle that produces aqueous humor; is attached to a capsular bag that holds the lens and the suspensory ligaments
lens
allows the eye to focus on an image by being made thicker and thinner by the ciliary body
suspensory ligaments
holds the lens in place
eye
a globe-shaped organ composed of three distinct tunics/layers:
1) fibrous tunic
2) vascular tunic
3) sensory tunic
sensory tunic
innermost layer of the eye consisting of the delicate, double-layered retina
retina
responsible for the reception and transmission of visual impulses to the brain; contains two types of receptors; consists of two separate layers
rods
visual receptors that function in dim light and produce black-and-white vision
cones
visual receptors that function in bright light and produce color vision
macula
a highly sensitive structure in the center of the retina that contains the fovea
fovea
center of the macula; composed of solely cones and provides the greatest acuity for color vision
optic nerve
receives impulses from the eye that are transmitted to the brain and interpreted as vision
optic disc
the entrance of the optic nerve and blood vessels
blind spot
the center of the optic disc that contains no cones nor rods
aqueous humor
found in the posterior and anterior chamber of the anterior portion of the eye and provides nourishment for the lens and cornea
canal of Schlemm
small opening through which aqueous humor drains from the eye
vitreous humor
a jellylike substance that fills the interior of the eye
vitreous chamber
contains the vitreous humor and is located in the interior of the eye
adnexa
refers to all of the supporting structures of the eye globe; includes the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles and the superior and inferior oblique muscles
lacrimal glands
produce tears to bathe and lubricate the eyes that pass through the lacrimal canals into the nasal cavity
canthi
inner edges of the eyes
ear
the sense receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium; including:
1) external ear
2) tympanic cavity
3) labyrinth
auricle (pinna)
structure wich collects waves traveling through air and channels them to the ear canal
external auditory canal (ear canal)
a slender tube lined with glands that produce a waxy secretion called cerumen
tympanic membrane (tympanum or eardrum)
a flat, membranous structure drawn over the end of the ear canal; sound waves create vibrations that cause movement of the ossicles
ossicles
the three smallest bones of the body; including:
1) malleus (hammer)
2) incus (anvil)
3) stapes (stirrups)
cochlea
a snail-shaped structure filled with perilymph
organ of Corti
a highly sensitive hearing structure that contains tiny nerve endings called hair cells
oval window
a membrane-covered opening on the external surface of the cochlea that provides attachment for the stapes
eustachian tube
connects the middle ear to the pharynx which equalizes pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the eardrum
equilibrium
controlled by the vestibular system consisting of semicircular canals and the vestibule
ambly/o
dull, dim
aque/o
water
blephar/o
eyelid
choroid/o
choroid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
core/o
pupil
pupill/o
pupil
corne/o
cornea
cycl/o
ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle
dacry/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
lacrim/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
dacryocyst/o
lacrimal sac
glauc/o
gray
gani/o
angle
irid/o
iris
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
optic/o
eye, vision
phac/o
lens
phot/o
light
presby/o
old age
retin/o
retina
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
scot/o
darkness
vitr/o
vitreous body (of the eye)
audi/o
hearing
labyrinth/o
labyrinth (inner ear)
mastoid/o
mastoid process
ot/o
ear
salping/o
tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
staped/o
stapes
tympan/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
myring/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-acusia
hearing
-cusis
hearing
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
-tropia
turning
exo-
outside, outward
hyper-
excessive, above normal
ophthalmology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the eye
ophthalmologist
the physician who treats disorders of the eye
optometrists
doctors of optometry (not medical doctors)
otolaryngology
the medical speciality concerned with disorders of the ear, nose, and throat
otolaryngologist
the physician who treats disorders of the ear, nose, and throat
audiologist
a physician that specializes in nonmedical management of the auditory and balance systems
glaucoma
a disorder characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through the canal of Schlemm
open-angle, simple, wide-angle glaucoma
the chronic form of glaucoma that produces no symptoms except the gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years
angle-closure glaucoma
the acute form of glaucoma that causes extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of the eye, and dilation of the pupil
macular degeneration
a disorder involving a deterioration of the macula
age-related macular degeneration (ARMD, AMD)
the most common type of macular degeneration; a result of old age
wet/neovascular ARMD
the less common, but more severe form of ARMD; it includes small blood vessels forming under the macula
dry ARMD
the more common form of ARMD
otitis media
an inflammation of the middle ear; typically caused by a virus or bactrium and is most common in infants and young children
otosclerosis
a disorder characterized by an abnormal stiffness and immobilization of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss
retinoblastoma
a neoplastic disease that is found primarily in children in which vision is impaired and the affected eye(s) are typically removed
melanoma
a neoplastic disease that is found primarily in adults
basal cell carcinoma
the most common ear malignancy which usually occurs on the top of the pinna as a result of sun exposure; most common in elderly patients and those with fair skin
squamous cell carcinoma
a more invasive, but rare, type of ear malignancy
achromatopsia
severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness
ametropia
failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeballs; also called error of refraction
astigmatism (Ast)
distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused
hyperopia
visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness
myopia
visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness
cataract
opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time
chalazion
small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst; also called meibomian cyst
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye
drusen
small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration
ectropion
eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid
entropion
inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye
epiphora
abnormal overflow of tears
hordeolum
localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called stye
metamorphopsia
visual distortion of objects
nyctalopia
impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness
nystagmus
type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision
papilledema
swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc
photophobia
unusual intolerance of and sensitivity to light
retinopathy
any disorder of retinal blood vessel
strabismus
misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia
trachoma
chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness
anacusis
complete deafness; also called anacusia
conduction impairment
blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles, or influenza
Meniere disease
increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthine hydrops
noise-induced hearing loss
condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are “too long, too loud, or too close”
otitis externa
infection of the external auditory canal
presbyacusis
impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia
tinnitus
perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present
vertigo
sensation of a spinning motion of oneself or of the surroundings
audiometry
measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment
caloric stimulation test
test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine whether nerve damage is the cause of vertigo
electronystagmography (ENG)
method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles
gonioscopy
examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma
ophthalmodynamometry
measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels
ophthalmoscopy
visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye
otoscopy
visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
pneumatic otoscopy
otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure
retinoscopy
evalutation of refractiveerrors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays
slit-lamp examination (SLE)
stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor
tonometry
evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force
tuning fork tests
hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss
visual acuity (VA) test
part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet and common expressed as a fraction
dacryocystography
radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts
flourescein angiography
evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of flourescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained
blepharoplasty
cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly forms as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun
cochlear implant insertion
placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating the nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear
cyclodialysis
formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma
enucleation
removal of the eyeball from the orbit
evisceration
removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact
LASIK surgery
procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue
otoplasty
corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna
phacoemulsification with lens implant
ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco
pressure-equalizing (PE) tube placement
insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes
sclerostomy
surgical formation of an opening in the sclera
tympanoplasty
reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly as a result of a perforation; also called myringoplasty
ear irrigation
flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)
eye refraction test
visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required
retinal photocoagulation
technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue; also called laser photocoagulation
antibiotics, ophthalmic
inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye
antiglaucoma agents
increase aqueous humor overflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure
anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics
reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions
artificial tears
soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens
mydriatics
disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate
decongestants, ophthalmic
constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing rendess and relieving conjunctival congestion
antiemetics
treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting
otic analgesics
provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders
wax emulsifiers
loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)
Acc
accommodation
ARMD, AMD
age-related macular degeneration
Ast
astigmatism
ENG
electronystagmography
IOL
intraocular lens
IOP
intraocular pressure
LASIK
laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
O.D.
doctor of optometry
SLE
slit-lamp examination; systemic lupus erythematosus
ST
esotropia
VA
visual activity
VF
visual field
XT
exotropia
AC
air conduction
BC
bone conduction
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
NIHL
noise-induced hearing loss
OM
otitis media
PE
pressure-equalizing (tube); physical examination; pulmonary embolism
URI
upper respiratory infection
