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Medical Terminology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye

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2
Q

acuity

A

clearness or sharpness of a sensory function

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3
Q

humor

A

any fluid or semifluid of the body

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4
Q

labyrinth

A

series of intricate communicating passages

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5
Q

opaque

A

substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light

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6
Q

perilymph

A

fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea

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7
Q

photopigment

A

light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs ight and initiates the visual process; also called visual pigment

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8
Q

refractive

A

ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another

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9
Q

stereopsis

A

depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object

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10
Q

fibrous tunic

A

the outermost layer of the eyeball that serves as a protective coat for the more sensitive structures beneath; including:

1) sclera
2) cornea
3) conjunctiva

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11
Q

sclera

A

provides strength, shape, and structure to the eye; it bulges forward in front of the eye to create the cornea

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12
Q

cornea

A

transparent body structure that allows light to enter the interior of the eye; does not contain capillaries and must rely on eye fluids for nourishment

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

the outer surface of the eye that lines the eyelids; produces tears and mucus

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14
Q

vascular tunic (uvea)

A

middle layer; including:

1) choroid
2) iris
3) ciliary body

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15
Q

choroid

A

provides blood supply for the entire eye; prevents extraneous light from entering the eye; made up of:

1) iris
2) ciliary body

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16
Q

iris

A

a colored, contractile membrane with a perforated center; regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil

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17
Q

pupil

A

perforated cented of the iris through which light enters through

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18
Q

ciliary body

A

a circular muscle that produces aqueous humor; is attached to a capsular bag that holds the lens and the suspensory ligaments

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19
Q

lens

A

allows the eye to focus on an image by being made thicker and thinner by the ciliary body

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20
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

holds the lens in place

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21
Q

eye

A

a globe-shaped organ composed of three distinct tunics/layers:

1) fibrous tunic
2) vascular tunic
3) sensory tunic

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22
Q

sensory tunic

A

innermost layer of the eye consisting of the delicate, double-layered retina

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23
Q

retina

A

responsible for the reception and transmission of visual impulses to the brain; contains two types of receptors; consists of two separate layers

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24
Q

rods

A

visual receptors that function in dim light and produce black-and-white vision

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25
Q

cones

A

visual receptors that function in bright light and produce color vision

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26
Q

macula

A

a highly sensitive structure in the center of the retina that contains the fovea

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27
Q

fovea

A

center of the macula; composed of solely cones and provides the greatest acuity for color vision

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28
Q

optic nerve

A

receives impulses from the eye that are transmitted to the brain and interpreted as vision

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29
Q

optic disc

A

the entrance of the optic nerve and blood vessels

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30
Q

blind spot

A

the center of the optic disc that contains no cones nor rods

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31
Q

aqueous humor

A

found in the posterior and anterior chamber of the anterior portion of the eye and provides nourishment for the lens and cornea

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32
Q

canal of Schlemm

A

small opening through which aqueous humor drains from the eye

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33
Q

vitreous humor

A

a jellylike substance that fills the interior of the eye

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34
Q

vitreous chamber

A

contains the vitreous humor and is located in the interior of the eye

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34
Q

adnexa

A

refers to all of the supporting structures of the eye globe; includes the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles and the superior and inferior oblique muscles

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35
Q

lacrimal glands

A

produce tears to bathe and lubricate the eyes that pass through the lacrimal canals into the nasal cavity

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36
Q

canthi

A

inner edges of the eyes

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37
Q

ear

A

the sense receptor organ for hearing and equilibrium; including:
1) external ear
2) tympanic cavity
3) labyrinth

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38
Q

auricle (pinna)

A

structure wich collects waves traveling through air and channels them to the ear canal

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39
Q

external auditory canal (ear canal)

A

a slender tube lined with glands that produce a waxy secretion called cerumen

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40
Q

tympanic membrane (tympanum or eardrum)

A

a flat, membranous structure drawn over the end of the ear canal; sound waves create vibrations that cause movement of the ossicles

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41
Q

ossicles

A

the three smallest bones of the body; including:

1) malleus (hammer)
2) incus (anvil)
3) stapes (stirrups)

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42
Q

cochlea

A

a snail-shaped structure filled with perilymph

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43
Q

organ of Corti

A

a highly sensitive hearing structure that contains tiny nerve endings called hair cells

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44
Q

oval window

A

a membrane-covered opening on the external surface of the cochlea that provides attachment for the stapes

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45
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to the pharynx which equalizes pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the eardrum

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46
Q

equilibrium

A

controlled by the vestibular system consisting of semicircular canals and the vestibule

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47
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

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48
Q

aque/o

A

water

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49
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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50
Q

choroid/o

A

choroid

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51
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva

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52
Q

core/o

A

pupil

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53
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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54
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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55
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle

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56
Q

dacry/o

A

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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57
Q

lacrim/o

A

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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58
Q

dacryocyst/o

A

lacrimal sac

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59
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

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60
Q

gani/o

A

angle

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61
Q

irid/o

A

iris

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62
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue; hard; cornea

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63
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

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64
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

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65
Q

opt/o

A

eye, vision

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66
Q

optic/o

A

eye, vision

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67
Q

phac/o

A

lens

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68
Q

phot/o

A

light

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69
Q

presby/o

A

old age

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70
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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71
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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72
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

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73
Q

vitr/o

A

vitreous body (of the eye)

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74
Q

audi/o

A

hearing

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75
Q

labyrinth/o

A

labyrinth (inner ear)

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76
Q

mastoid/o

A

mastoid process

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77
Q

ot/o

A

ear

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78
Q

salping/o

A

tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

79
Q

staped/o

A

stapes

80
Q

tympan/o

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

81
Q

myring/o

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

82
Q

-acusia

A

hearing

83
Q

-cusis

A

hearing

84
Q

-opia

A

vision

85
Q

-opsia

A

vision

86
Q

-tropia

A

turning

87
Q

exo-

A

outside, outward

88
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above normal

89
Q

ophthalmology

A

the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the eye

90
Q

ophthalmologist

A

the physician who treats disorders of the eye

91
Q

optometrists

A

doctors of optometry (not medical doctors)

92
Q

otolaryngology

A

the medical speciality concerned with disorders of the ear, nose, and throat

93
Q

otolaryngologist

A

the physician who treats disorders of the ear, nose, and throat

94
Q

audiologist

A

a physician that specializes in nonmedical management of the auditory and balance systems

95
Q

glaucoma

A

a disorder characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through the canal of Schlemm

96
Q

open-angle, simple, wide-angle glaucoma

A

the chronic form of glaucoma that produces no symptoms except the gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years

97
Q

angle-closure glaucoma

A

the acute form of glaucoma that causes extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of the eye, and dilation of the pupil

98
Q

macular degeneration

A

a disorder involving a deterioration of the macula

99
Q

age-related macular degeneration (ARMD, AMD)

A

the most common type of macular degeneration; a result of old age

100
Q

wet/neovascular ARMD

A

the less common, but more severe form of ARMD; it includes small blood vessels forming under the macula

101
Q

dry ARMD

A

the more common form of ARMD

102
Q

otitis media

A

an inflammation of the middle ear; typically caused by a virus or bactrium and is most common in infants and young children

103
Q

otosclerosis

A

a disorder characterized by an abnormal stiffness and immobilization of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss

104
Q

retinoblastoma

A

a neoplastic disease that is found primarily in children in which vision is impaired and the affected eye(s) are typically removed

105
Q

melanoma

A

a neoplastic disease that is found primarily in adults

106
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

the most common ear malignancy which usually occurs on the top of the pinna as a result of sun exposure; most common in elderly patients and those with fair skin

107
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

a more invasive, but rare, type of ear malignancy

108
Q

achromatopsia

A

severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness

109
Q

ametropia

A

failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeballs; also called error of refraction

110
Q

astigmatism (Ast)

A

distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused

111
Q

hyperopia

A

visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness

112
Q

myopia

A

visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness

113
Q

cataract

A

opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time

114
Q

chalazion

A

small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst; also called meibomian cyst

115
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye

116
Q

drusen

A

small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration

117
Q

ectropion

A

eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid

118
Q

entropion

A

inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye

119
Q

epiphora

A

abnormal overflow of tears

120
Q

hordeolum

A

localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called stye

121
Q

metamorphopsia

A

visual distortion of objects

122
Q

nyctalopia

A

impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness

123
Q

nystagmus

A

type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

124
Q

papilledema

A

swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc

125
Q

photophobia

A

unusual intolerance of and sensitivity to light

126
Q

retinopathy

A

any disorder of retinal blood vessel

127
Q

strabismus

A

misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia

128
Q

trachoma

A

chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness

129
Q

anacusis

A

complete deafness; also called anacusia

130
Q

conduction impairment

A

blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)

131
Q

labyrinthitis

A

inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles, or influenza

132
Q

Meniere disease

A

increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthine hydrops

133
Q

noise-induced hearing loss

A

condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are “too long, too loud, or too close”

134
Q

otitis externa

A

infection of the external auditory canal

135
Q

presbyacusis

A

impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia

136
Q

tinnitus

A

perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

137
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of a spinning motion of oneself or of the surroundings

138
Q

audiometry

A

measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment

139
Q

caloric stimulation test

A

test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine whether nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

140
Q

electronystagmography (ENG)

A

method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles

141
Q

gonioscopy

A

examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

142
Q

ophthalmodynamometry

A

measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels

143
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

144
Q

otoscopy

A

visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

145
Q

pneumatic otoscopy

A

otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

146
Q

retinoscopy

A

evalutation of refractiveerrors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays

147
Q

slit-lamp examination (SLE)

A

stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor

148
Q

tonometry

A

evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force

149
Q

tuning fork tests

A

hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss

150
Q

visual acuity (VA) test

A

part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet and common expressed as a fraction

151
Q

dacryocystography

A

radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts

152
Q

flourescein angiography

A

evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of flourescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained

153
Q

blepharoplasty

A

cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly forms as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

154
Q

cochlear implant insertion

A

placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating the nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear

155
Q

cyclodialysis

A

formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

156
Q

enucleation

A

removal of the eyeball from the orbit

157
Q

evisceration

A

removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact

158
Q

LASIK surgery

A

procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue

159
Q

otoplasty

A

corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna

160
Q

phacoemulsification with lens implant

A

ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco

161
Q

pressure-equalizing (PE) tube placement

A

insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes

162
Q

sclerostomy

A

surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

163
Q

tympanoplasty

A

reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly as a result of a perforation; also called myringoplasty

164
Q

ear irrigation

A

flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)

165
Q

eye refraction test

A

visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required

166
Q

retinal photocoagulation

A

technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue; also called laser photocoagulation

167
Q

antibiotics, ophthalmic

A

inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye

168
Q

antiglaucoma agents

A

increase aqueous humor overflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure

169
Q

anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics

A

reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions

170
Q

artificial tears

A

soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens

171
Q

mydriatics

A

disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate

172
Q

decongestants, ophthalmic

A

constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing rendess and relieving conjunctival congestion

173
Q

antiemetics

A

treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting

174
Q

otic analgesics

A

provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders

175
Q

wax emulsifiers

A

loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax)

176
Q

Acc

A

accommodation

177
Q

ARMD, AMD

A

age-related macular degeneration

178
Q

Ast

A

astigmatism

179
Q

ENG

A

electronystagmography

180
Q

IOL

A

intraocular lens

181
Q

IOP

A

intraocular pressure

182
Q

LASIK

A

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

183
Q

O.D.

A

doctor of optometry

184
Q

SLE

A

slit-lamp examination; systemic lupus erythematosus

185
Q

ST

A

esotropia

186
Q

VA

A

visual activity

187
Q

VF

A

visual field

188
Q

XT

A

exotropia

189
Q

AC

A

air conduction

190
Q

BC

A

bone conduction

191
Q

ENT

A

ear, nose, and throat

192
Q

NIHL

A

noise-induced hearing loss

193
Q

OM

A

otitis media

194
Q

PE

A

pressure-equalizing (tube); physical examination; pulmonary embolism

195
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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