Chapter 8 Flashcards
leaflets
flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
lumen
tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
regurgitation
backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
sphincters
circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
vasodilation
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
viscosity
thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
artery
carries blood from the heart to all cells of the body
tunica externa
outer coat of an artery; composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
tunica media
middle layer of an artery; composed of smooth muscle; can alter in size depending on the needs of the body
tunica intima
thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel; composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
pulse
the surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart
arterial blood (general characteristics)
contains a high concentration of oxygen; appears bright red in color; exception is the pulmonary artery
arteriole
smaller artery
capillaries
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
precapillary sphincters
regulate blood flow through the capillary networks
vein
returns blood to the heart
venule
make up veins and are developed from the union of capillaries
veins’ methods of returning blood to the heart
- skeletal muscle contraction
- gravity
- respiratory activity
- valves
valves
small structures within the veins that prevent the backflow of blood
heart
a muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network
pulmonary circulation
delivers blood to the lungs; provided by the right side of the heart
systemic circulation
delivers blood to body tissues; provided by the the left side of the heart
pericardium
sac that encloses the heart; composed of three layers
endocardium
a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
myocardium
the muscular layer of the heart
epicardium
the outermost layer of the pericardium
right atrium
upper chamber that receives deoxygenated blood
left atrium
upper chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
right ventricle
lower chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
left ventricle
lower chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
superior vena cava
collects deoxygenated blood from the upper body and returns it to the heart
inferior vena cava
collects deoxygenated blood from the lower body and returns it to the heart
tricuspid valve
consists of three leaflets and controls flow from the RA to the RV
left pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the left lung
right pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the right lung
pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
right pulmonary veins (2)
carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA
left pulmonary veins (2)
carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA
mitral (bicuspid) valve
blood passes from the LA through the valve to the LV; consists of two leaflets
aorta
oxygenated blood is pumped from the LV, through the aorta, and out to the body; largest artery of the body
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
located in the aorta; permits blood to flow in only one direction (from LV to aorta)
right coronary artery
the artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
left coronary artery
the artery vascularizing the left side of the heart; made up of two branches
1) left anterior descending artery
2) circumflex artery
conduction tissue
specialized cardiac tissue that has the function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses
4 Types of Conduction Tissue
masses of highly specialized cells that possess characteristics of both nervous and cardiac tissue
1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventricular (AV) node
3) bundle of His (AV bundle)
4) Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker of the heart)
located in the upper right portion of the right atrium; initiates and propagates each heartbeat, setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate; may be altered by impulses from the autonomic nervous system
atrioventricular (AV) node
located at the base of the right atrium; receives electrical impulses from SA node and therefore caused the atria to contract
bundle of His (AV bundle)
relays the impulse to the Purkinje fibers; composed of a left and right branch
Purkinje fibers
extend up the ventricle walls; transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles
P wave (electrocardiography)
the depolarization (contraction) of the atria
QRS complex (electrocardiography)
the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
T wave (electrocardiography)
the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
blood pressure (BP)
the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat
systole
contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart
diastole
relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood
sphygmomano-
meter
measures blood pressure
factors that influence blood pressure
- resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
- pumping action of the heart
- viscosity of blood
- elasticity of arteries
- quantity of blood in the vascular system
aneurysm/o
aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
vascul/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
heart
electr/o
electricity
embol/o
embolus (plug)
hemangi/o
blood vessel
my/o
muscle
phleb/o
vein
ven/o
vein
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
sept/o
septum
sphygm/o
pulse
sten/o
narrowing, stricture
thromb/o
blood clot
valv/o
valve
valvul/o
valve
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
-cardia
heart condition
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
brady-
slow
endo-
in, within
extra-
outside
peri-
around
trans-
across
common signs and symptoms of cardiac disorders
chest pain, breathing difficulties, cardiac irregularities, and loss of consciousness
cardiologist
specialist concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
arteriosclerosis
a progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that cause them to become thickened and brittle, restricting the flow of blood to tissue and organs
arteriosclerosis (cause)
the buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the internal arterial wall; the buildup hardens and increases in size, causing the lumen of the artery to narrow
antheroma
buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris
infarction
localized tissue death
ischemia
localized tissue anemia
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
myalgia
muscle pain
arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries
cause chest pain and tightness, commonly with excessive sweating
arteriosclerosis in the carotid or cerebral arteries
causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, blurred vision, and confusion
arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries
causes muscle pain in calves, thighs, and feet
hyperlipidemia
elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
angioplasty
endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
endarterectomy
surgical removal of fatty deposits from the inside of the artery; commonly used to treat carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and disease of the renal artery and aortic arch
coronary artery disease (CAD)
any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
coronary artery disease (causes)
- arteriosclerosis
- hypertension
- diabetes
- hyperlipidemia
- radiation therapy to the chest
necrosis
death
myocardial infarction (MI)
death of the heart muscle
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
infective endocarditis
endocarditis caused by bacteria that have entered the bloodstream from infections in remote regions of the body (gut, skin, mouth) and have lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves (most common)
vegetations
clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve
mitral valve insufficiency
when blood flow to the left ventricle is impeded or the valve cannot close properly
vavuloplasty
surgical repair of valves
bioprosthetic
mechanical device or one made of human or animal tissue
varicose veins
enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
incompetent
not functioning properly
varices
varicose veins of the esophagus
hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the rectum
phlebitis
inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
endogenous ablation
destruction of the tissue within the vein
myxoma
most common primary tumor of the heart that is composed of mucous connective tissue; tend to be benign; most arise in the LA
pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs
aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
fusiform (aneurysm)
dilation of the entire circumference of the artery
saccular (aneurysm)
dilation of one side of the artery
dissecting (aneurysm)
a tear in the inner layer caused a cavity to form between layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heart beat
angina
chest pain caused by obstructions or spams of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
angin/o
choking pain
arrhythmia
irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
fibrillation
abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
heart block
interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
tachycardia
abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
bruit
soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur
cardiomyopathy
disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
coarctation
narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
embolism
intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
heart failure (HF)
disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
hypertension (HTN)
elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
hypotension
low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
palpitation
sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced blood flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
syncope
partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
thrombosis
abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis
normal (BP)
systolic = less than 120 mm Hg
diastolic = less than 80 mm Hg
prehypertension (HTN)
systolic = 120-139 mm Hg
diastolic = 80-89 mm Hg
stage I HTN
systolic = 140-159 mm Hg
diastolic = 90-99 mm Hg
stage 2 HTN
systolic = 160 mm Hg or higher
diastolic = 100 mm Hg or higher
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
Holter monitor test
procedure that used a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period; also called event monitor test
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
cardiac biomarkers
blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test
lipid panel
series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
angiography
procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
aortography
angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
coronary angiography
specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
Doppler US
ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch
carotid artery US
ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries
echocardiography (ECHO)
ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assess cardiac output
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
cardiac catheterization (CC)
passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
electrophysiology study (EPS)
special characterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves the inflation of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
cardiac ablation
procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk due developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
open heart surgery
surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
pacemaker insertion
implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
defibrillation
lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
cardioversion
defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
antiarrhythmics
prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
anticoagulants
inhibit the body’s natural chistoso response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels
beta blockers
block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
calcium channel blockers
block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
diuretics
act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
nitrates
dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
statins
lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
AED
automated external defibrillator
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
AV
atrioventricular; arteriovenous
BP, B/P
blood pressure
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CC
cardiac catheterization
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
CO2
carbon dioxide
CV
cardiovascular
DVT
deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
LA
left atrium
LV
left ventricle
MI
myocardial infarction
MPI
myocardial perfusion imaging
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquisition scan
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
O2
oxygen
PAD
peripheral artery disease
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
RA
right atrium
RV
residual volume; right ventricle
RHD
rheumatic heart disease
SA, S-A
sinoartrial
EPS
electrophysiology studies
HF
heart failure
Hg
mercury
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
US
ultrasound
