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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

leaflets

A

flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

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2
Q

lumen

A

tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

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3
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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4
Q

sphincters

A

circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening

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5
Q

vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

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6
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

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7
Q

viscosity

A

thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

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8
Q

artery

A

carries blood from the heart to all cells of the body

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9
Q

tunica externa

A

outer coat of an artery; composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility

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10
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of an artery; composed of smooth muscle; can alter in size depending on the needs of the body

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11
Q

tunica intima

A

thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel; composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel

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12
Q

pulse

A

the surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart

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13
Q

arterial blood (general characteristics)

A

contains a high concentration of oxygen; appears bright red in color; exception is the pulmonary artery

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14
Q

arteriole

A

smaller artery

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15
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system

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16
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow through the capillary networks

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17
Q

vein

A

returns blood to the heart

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18
Q

venule

A

make up veins and are developed from the union of capillaries

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19
Q

veins’ methods of returning blood to the heart

A
  • skeletal muscle contraction
  • gravity
  • respiratory activity
  • valves
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20
Q

valves

A

small structures within the veins that prevent the backflow of blood

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21
Q

heart

A

a muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network

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22
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

delivers blood to the lungs; provided by the right side of the heart

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23
Q

systemic circulation

A

delivers blood to body tissues; provided by the the left side of the heart

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24
Q

pericardium

A

sac that encloses the heart; composed of three layers

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25
Q

endocardium

A

a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

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26
Q

myocardium

A

the muscular layer of the heart

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27
Q

epicardium

A

the outermost layer of the pericardium

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28
Q

right atrium

A

upper chamber that receives deoxygenated blood

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29
Q

left atrium

A

upper chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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30
Q

right ventricle

A

lower chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

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31
Q

left ventricle

A

lower chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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32
Q

superior vena cava

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the upper body and returns it to the heart

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33
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the lower body and returns it to the heart

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34
Q

tricuspid valve

A

consists of three leaflets and controls flow from the RA to the RV

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35
Q

left pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the left lung

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36
Q

right pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the right lung

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37
Q

pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)

A

prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

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38
Q

right pulmonary veins (2)

A

carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA

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39
Q

left pulmonary veins (2)

A

carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA

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40
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

blood passes from the LA through the valve to the LV; consists of two leaflets

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41
Q

aorta

A

oxygenated blood is pumped from the LV, through the aorta, and out to the body; largest artery of the body

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42
Q

aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)

A

located in the aorta; permits blood to flow in only one direction (from LV to aorta)

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43
Q

right coronary artery

A

the artery vascularizing the right side of the heart

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44
Q

left coronary artery

A

the artery vascularizing the left side of the heart; made up of two branches
1) left anterior descending artery
2) circumflex artery

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45
Q

conduction tissue

A

specialized cardiac tissue that has the function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses

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46
Q

4 Types of Conduction Tissue

A

masses of highly specialized cells that possess characteristics of both nervous and cardiac tissue
1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventricular (AV) node
3) bundle of His (AV bundle)
4) Purkinje fibers

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47
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker of the heart)

A

located in the upper right portion of the right atrium; initiates and propagates each heartbeat, setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate; may be altered by impulses from the autonomic nervous system

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48
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

located at the base of the right atrium; receives electrical impulses from SA node and therefore caused the atria to contract

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49
Q

bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

relays the impulse to the Purkinje fibers; composed of a left and right branch

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50
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

extend up the ventricle walls; transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles

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51
Q

P wave (electrocardiography)

A

the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

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52
Q

QRS complex (electrocardiography)

A

the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles

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53
Q

T wave (electrocardiography)

A

the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles

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54
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat

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55
Q

systole

A

contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart

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56
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood

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57
Q

sphygmomano-
meter

A

measures blood pressure

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58
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

A
  • resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
  • pumping action of the heart
  • viscosity of blood
  • elasticity of arteries
  • quantity of blood in the vascular system
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59
Q

aneurysm/o

A

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

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60
Q

angi/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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61
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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62
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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63
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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64
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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65
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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66
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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67
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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68
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (plug)

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69
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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70
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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71
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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72
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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73
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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74
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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75
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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76
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing, stricture

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77
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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78
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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79
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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80
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

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81
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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82
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

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83
Q

brady-

A

slow

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84
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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85
Q

extra-

A

outside

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86
Q

peri-

A

around

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87
Q

trans-

A

across

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88
Q

common signs and symptoms of cardiac disorders

A

chest pain, breathing difficulties, cardiac irregularities, and loss of consciousness

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89
Q

cardiologist

A

specialist concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

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90
Q

cardiology

A

the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

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91
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

a progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that cause them to become thickened and brittle, restricting the flow of blood to tissue and organs

92
Q

arteriosclerosis (cause)

A

the buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the internal arterial wall; the buildup hardens and increases in size, causing the lumen of the artery to narrow

93
Q

antheroma

A

buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris

94
Q

infarction

A

localized tissue death

95
Q

ischemia

A

localized tissue anemia

96
Q

diaphoresis

A

excessive sweating

97
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

98
Q

myalgia

A

muscle pain

99
Q

arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries

A

cause chest pain and tightness, commonly with excessive sweating

100
Q

arteriosclerosis in the carotid or cerebral arteries

A

causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, blurred vision, and confusion

101
Q

arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries

A

causes muscle pain in calves, thighs, and feet

102
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

elevated level of fatty substances in the blood

103
Q

angioplasty

A

endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

104
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of fatty deposits from the inside of the artery; commonly used to treat carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and disease of the renal artery and aortic arch

105
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium

106
Q

coronary artery disease (causes)

A
  • arteriosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • hyperlipidemia
  • radiation therapy to the chest
107
Q

necrosis

A

death

108
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death of the heart muscle

109
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

110
Q

infective endocarditis

A

endocarditis caused by bacteria that have entered the bloodstream from infections in remote regions of the body (gut, skin, mouth) and have lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves (most common)

111
Q

vegetations

A

clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material

112
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve

113
Q

mitral valve insufficiency

A

when blood flow to the left ventricle is impeded or the valve cannot close properly

114
Q

vavuloplasty

A

surgical repair of valves

115
Q

bioprosthetic

A

mechanical device or one made of human or animal tissue

116
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins

117
Q

incompetent

A

not functioning properly

118
Q

varices

A

varicose veins of the esophagus

119
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins of the rectum

120
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

121
Q

endogenous ablation

A

destruction of the tissue within the vein

122
Q

myxoma

A

most common primary tumor of the heart that is composed of mucous connective tissue; tend to be benign; most arise in the LA

123
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the lungs

124
Q

aneurysm

A

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

125
Q

fusiform (aneurysm)

A

dilation of the entire circumference of the artery

126
Q

saccular (aneurysm)

A

dilation of one side of the artery

127
Q

dissecting (aneurysm)

A

a tear in the inner layer caused a cavity to form between layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heart beat

128
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by obstructions or spams of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

129
Q

angin/o

A

choking pain

130
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

131
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

132
Q

fibrillation

A

abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

133
Q

heart block

A

interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

134
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

135
Q

bruit

A

soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur

136
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

137
Q

coarctation

A

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

138
Q

embolism

A

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations

139
Q

heart failure (HF)

A

disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

140
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

141
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

142
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

143
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

144
Q

palpitation

A

sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

145
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced blood flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis

146
Q

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

147
Q

syncope

A

partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

148
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

149
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis

150
Q

normal (BP)

A

systolic = less than 120 mm Hg
diastolic = less than 80 mm Hg

151
Q

prehypertension (HTN)

A

systolic = 120-139 mm Hg
diastolic = 80-89 mm Hg

152
Q

stage I HTN

A

systolic = 140-159 mm Hg
diastolic = 90-99 mm Hg

153
Q

stage 2 HTN

A

systolic = 160 mm Hg or higher
diastolic = 100 mm Hg or higher

154
Q

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

A

procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

155
Q

Holter monitor test

A

procedure that used a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period; also called event monitor test

156
Q

stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

157
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

158
Q

lipid panel

A

series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

159
Q

angiography

A

procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

160
Q

aortography

A

angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

161
Q

coronary angiography

A

specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

162
Q

Doppler US

A

ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

163
Q

carotid artery US

A

ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

164
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assess cardiac output

165
Q

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

A

noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

166
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

167
Q

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

168
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

169
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

170
Q

cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

171
Q

electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

special characterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart

172
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves the inflation of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

173
Q

cardiac ablation

A

procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

174
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

175
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk due developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

176
Q

open heart surgery

A

surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

177
Q

pacemaker insertion

A

implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

178
Q

defibrillation

A

lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

179
Q

cardioversion

A

defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern

180
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

181
Q

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

A

lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction

182
Q

antiarrhythmics

A

prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

183
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit the body’s natural chistoso response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels

184
Q

beta blockers

A

block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

185
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

186
Q

diuretics

A

act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

187
Q

nitrates

A

dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

188
Q

statins

A

lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

189
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

190
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

191
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

192
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

193
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin receptor blocker

194
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular; arteriovenous

195
Q

BP, B/P

A

blood pressure

196
Q

CA

A

cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age

197
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

198
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

199
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization

200
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty

201
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

202
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

203
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis

204
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

205
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

206
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

207
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

208
Q

LA

A

left atrium

209
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

210
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

211
Q

MPI

A

myocardial perfusion imaging

212
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography

213
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

214
Q

MUGA scan

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

215
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

216
Q

O2

A

oxygen

217
Q

PAD

A

peripheral artery disease

218
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

219
Q

RA

A

right atrium

220
Q

RV

A

residual volume; right ventricle

221
Q

RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

222
Q

SA, S-A

A

sinoartrial

223
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiology studies

224
Q

HF

A

heart failure

225
Q

Hg

A

mercury

226
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

227
Q

US

A

ultrasound

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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