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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine system

A

produces hormones that directly enter the bloodstream to travel to specific tissues or organs as well as maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

ductless glands of the endocrine system

A

1) pituitary
2) thyroid
3) parathyroid
4) adrenal
5) pancreatic
6) pineal
7) thymus glands
8) ovaries
9) testes

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3
Q

functions of hormones

A

regulate:

  • growth
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • energy level
  • sexual characteristics
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4
Q

antagonistic

A

acting in opposition; mutually opposing

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5
Q

electrolytes

A

salts and minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body

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6
Q

glucagon (target organ and function)

A

target liver and blood by raising blood fluid level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver and other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing glucose into blood

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7
Q

glucagon (disorders)

A

a deficiency in glucagon may cause persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)

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8
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

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9
Q

sympathomimetic

A

agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system that increases the “fight or flight” response

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10
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

a pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain which regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormone; consists of two portions:

1) adenohypophysis
2) neurohypophysis

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11
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is triggered by the action of the hypothalamus and produces at least six hormones

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12
Q

neurohypophysis

A

the posteriori lobe of the pituitary gland which stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:

1) antidiuretic hormone
2) oxytocin

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13
Q

thyroid gland

A

the largest gland of the endocrine system (H-shaped) located in the neck just below the larynx; composed of two large lobes that are separated the isthmus; produces thyroid hormone

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14
Q

thyroid hormone

A

the body’s major metabolic hormone; increases the rate of oxygen consumption, including the rate at which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized; is actually two active iodine-containing hormones:

1) thyroxine
2) triiodothyronine

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15
Q

calcitonin (target organs and functions)

A
  • regulated calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
  • decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood
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16
Q

calcitonin (disorders)

A

most significant effects are excerpted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape

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17
Q

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (target organs and functions)

A
  • increases energy production from all food types
  • increases rate of protein synthesis
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18
Q

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (disorders)

A
  • hyposecretion in infants caused cretinism; in adults it causes myxedema
  • hypersecretion caused Graves disease, which results in exophthalmos
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19
Q

parathyroid glands

A

at least four separate glands located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) (target organs and functions)

A

bones: increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood

kidneys: increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion

small intestine: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate

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21
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) (disorders)

A
  • hyposecretion causes tetany
  • hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica
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22
Q

adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

A

paired organs covering the superior surface of the kidneys that are divided into two sections:

1) adrenal cortex
2) adrenal medulla

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23
Q

adrenal cortex

A

makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland and produce three types of steroid hormones:

1) mineralocorticoids
2) glucocorticoids
3) sex hormones

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24
Q

mineralocorticoids (target organs and functions)

A

MAINLY ALDOSTERONE; kidneys: increase blood levels of sodium and decreases blood levels of potassium in the kidneys

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25
Q

mineralocorticoids (disorders)

A

MAINLY ALDOSTERONE; hyposecretion caused Addison disease, hypersecretion causes aldosteronism

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26
Q

glucocorticoids (target organs and functions)

A

MAINLY CORTISOL; body cells: promoted gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and helps depress inflammatory and immune responses

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27
Q

glucocorticoids (disorders)

A

MAINLY CORTISOL; hyposecretion caused Addison disease, hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

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28
Q

sex hormones (target organs and functions)

A

any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices

in females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (otherwise, insignificant effects in adults)

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29
Q

sex hormones (disorders)

A

any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices

  • hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of male secondary sec characteristics)
  • hypersecretion of adrenal aterren and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization (development of female secondary sex characteristics)
  • hyposecretion has no known significant effect
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30
Q

adrenal medulla

A

the inner portion of the adrenal glands which is responsible for intensifying activities set into motion by the sympathetic nervous system; it secretes two hormones:

1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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31
Q

adrenal medullary hormones (target organs and functions)

A

EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE; sympathetic nervous system target organs: hormone effects mimic sympathetic heroics system activation (sympathomimetic), increases metabolic rate and heart rate, and raises blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction

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32
Q

pancreas

A

lies inferior to the stomach (in a bend of the duodenum) and functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland

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33
Q

pancreas (exocrine role)

A

carries digestive secretions from the pancreas to the small intestine which help break down proteins, starches, and fats

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34
Q

pancreas (endocrine role)

A

secretes two hormones throug the islets of Langerhans:

1) glucagon
2) insulin

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35
Q

insulin (target organs and functions)

A

tissue cells: lowers blood glucose levels by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy prodction (glucose to glycogen)

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36
Q

pineal gland

A

a small organ shaped like a pine cone and located deep within the brain (just behind the thalamus) for which there is evidence that it secretes the hormone melatonin

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37
Q

melatonin (functions)

A

it may inhibit the activites of the ovaries and when produced in high amounts ovulation can be blocked and puberty can be delayed

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38
Q

thymus gland

A

a butterfly-shaped gland that lies at the base of the neck and is formed mostly of lymphatic tissue and produces thymosin

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39
Q

thymosin (function)

A

the hormone plays a role in the development of the immune response in newborns

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40
Q

adren/o (1 of 2)

A

adrenal glands

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41
Q

adrenal/o (1 of 2)

A

adrenal glands

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42
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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43
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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44
Q

gluc/o (1 of 3)

A

sugar, sweetness

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45
Q

glyc/o (1 of 3)

A

sugar, sweetness

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46
Q

glycos/o (1 of 3)

A

sugar, sweetness

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47
Q

home/o

A

same, alike

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48
Q

kal/i

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

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49
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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50
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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51
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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52
Q

thyr/o (1 of 2)

A

thyroid gland

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53
Q

thyroid/o (1 of 2)

A

thyroid gland

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54
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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55
Q

-crine

A

secrete

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56
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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57
Q

-gen

A

forming, producing, origin

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58
Q

-toxic

A

pertaining to poison

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59
Q

-uria

A

urine

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60
Q

eu-

A

good

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61
Q

exo-

A

outside

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62
Q

poly-

A

many

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63
Q

endo-

A

in, within

64
Q

andr/o

A

male

65
Q

hyposecretion

A

underproduction of hormones; typically treated with durg therapy

66
Q

hypersecretion

A

overproduction of hormones; typically treated with surgery

67
Q

endocrinology

A

the branch of medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones

68
Q

endocrinologist

A

the physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders

69
Q

thyroid gland disorders

A

these disorders are common and may occur at any time during life; they may be the result of a developmental problem, injury, disease, or dietary deficiency

70
Q

cretinism

A

caused by hypothyroidism in infants that untreated can lead to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature, and abnormal bone formation

71
Q

myxedema

A

caused by hypothyroidism in adulthood causing edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness

72
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormone causing an elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, and emotional instability

73
Q

Graves disease (thyrotoxicosis or autoimmune hyperthyroidism)

A

most common form of hyperthyroidism; an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system produces autoantibodies that stimulate the production of excessive thyroid hormone

74
Q

toxic nodular/multinodular hyperthyroidism

A

a form of hyperthyroidism caused by the formation of nodules or lumps on the thyroid gland causing the excess production of thyroid hormone

75
Q

goiter

A

enlargment of the thyroid gland as a result of hyperthyroidism

76
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

a disorder involving an insufficient production of parathyroid hormone caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated calcium levels as a result of injury or from surgical removal of the glands; effects include decreased blood calcium levels which cause spasms (tetany)

77
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased blood calcium level

78
Q

tetany

A

muscle twitches and spasms

79
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

a disorder involving overproduction of parathyroid hormone wich is commonly caused by a benign tumor and leads to demineralization of bones (making them porous and highly susceptible to fracture and deformity)

80
Q

osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

demineralization of bones

81
Q

adenoma

A

a benign glandular tumor

82
Q

adrenal cortex disorders

A

1) Addison disease
2) Cushing syndrome

83
Q

Addison disease (corticoadrenal insufficiency)

A

a relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by a deficiency of corticol hormones resulting from damage to or atrophy of the adrenal cortex and can lead to:

1) inability for the body to handle internal and external stress
2) muscle weakness
3) anorexia
4) gastrointestinal symptoms
5) fatigue
6) hypoglycemia
7) hypotension
8) low blood sodium
9) high serum potassium

84
Q

hyponatremia

A

lower-than-normal level of sodium in the blood

85
Q

hyperkalemia

A

condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

86
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by excessive amounts od cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or both circulating in the blood which alters carbohydrate and protein metabolism and electrolyte balance

87
Q

Cushing syndrome (causes)

A
  • long-term administration of steroid drugs (glucocorticoids) in treatin such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and asthma
  • adrenal tumor, resulting in excessive production of cortisol
  • Cushing disease, a pituitary disorder caused by hyperecretion of ACTH from an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland
88
Q

Cushing syndrome (effects)

A
  • high blood glucose concentration
  • increased fluid in tissues, leading to edema
  • weight gain
  • structural changes (moon-shaped face, grossly exaggerated head and trunk, and pencil-thin arms and legs)
  • fatigue
  • high blood pressure
  • excessive hair growth in unusual places
89
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

a disorder of the adrenal medulla which produces excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine causing:

  • high blood pressure
  • rapid heart rate
  • stress
  • fear
  • palpitations
  • headaches
  • visual blurring
  • muscle spasms
  • sweating
90
Q

diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM)

A

the most common pancreatic disorder; a chrinoc metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly

91
Q

ketosis

A

a condition cause by the metabolism of fat which produces ketones that enter the blood

92
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune disease that is usually diagnosed in children and yound adults in which the body does not produce a sufficient amount of insulin

93
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

the most common form of diabetes (typically diagnosed in adulthood) in which either the body’s cells are resistant to insulin or the pancreas is deficient in producing insulin; the body’s cells do not absorb glucose, and it remains in the blood (hyperglycemia)

94
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excessive amount of glucose in the blood

95
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

most carcinomas arise as epithelial tissue and cause obstruction and local invasion; pain arising in the organ is a prominent feature of this form of cancer; 2% survival rate

96
Q

pituitary tumors

A

can cause excessive or insufficient production of hormones that regulate important functions in the body; are usually benign

97
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

begins with a painless, commonly hard nodule or a nudule in the adjacent ly,ph nodes accompanied by an elnarged thyroid; when the tumor is large, it typically destroys thyroid tissue causing either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

98
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

disorder characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

99
Q

diuresis

A

increased formation and secretion of urine

100
Q

gestational diabetes

A

diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestation)

101
Q

growth hormone (GH) disorders

A

pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor

102
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremeties and head

103
Q

dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in stature (final height of only 3 to 4 feet) but normal body proportions

104
Q

giantism

A

hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones and extreme height (up to 8 feet tall) but with body proportions remaining about normal

105
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

106
Q

hypercalcemia

A

condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

107
Q

hypervolemia

A

abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

108
Q

insulinoma

A

tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor

109
Q

neurofibromatosis (NF)

A

genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

110
Q

obesity

A

abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight

111
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

112
Q

pan-

A

all

113
Q

hyp/o

A

under, below, deficient

114
Q

thyroid storm

A

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone, also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis

115
Q

virilism

A

masculinization or development of male secondary sex cahracteristics in a woman

116
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease

117
Q

A1c test

A

blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c

118
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours

119
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

screeing test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken at regular intervals following the dose to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

120
Q

insulin tolerance test (ITT)

A

diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein, causing severe hypogllyemia to assess growth hormone (GH) and cortisol reserve

121
Q

thyroid function test (TFT)

A

test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

122
Q

total calcium test

A

test that measures blood calcium lebels to detect bone and parathyroid disorderes, malabsorption, or an everactive thyroid

123
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and scan

A

nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland

124
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

125
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)

126
Q

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue

127
Q

insulin injection therapy

A

lifelong therapy using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes

128
Q

insulin pump therapy

A

treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin

129
Q

antithyroids (drug)

A

treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone

130
Q

corticosteroids (drug)

A

replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

131
Q

growth hormone replacements (drug)

A

increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults

132
Q

insulins (drug)

A

lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch-storage form of glucose)

133
Q

oral antidiabetics

A

treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin

134
Q

thyroid supplements

A

replace or supplement thyroid hormones

135
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone

136
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

137
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

138
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

139
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

140
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

141
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

142
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

143
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

144
Q

ITT

A

insulin tolerance test

145
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

146
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

147
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone

148
Q

RAI

A

radioactive iodine

149
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

150
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

151
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)

152
Q

T4

A

thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

153
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

154
Q

TH

A

thyroid hormone

155
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

156
Q

NF

A

neurofibromatosis

157
Q
A

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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