Chapter 14 Flashcards
endocrine system
produces hormones that directly enter the bloodstream to travel to specific tissues or organs as well as maintains homeostasis
ductless glands of the endocrine system
1) pituitary
2) thyroid
3) parathyroid
4) adrenal
5) pancreatic
6) pineal
7) thymus glands
8) ovaries
9) testes
functions of hormones
regulate:
- growth
- metabolism
- reproduction
- energy level
- sexual characteristics
antagonistic
acting in opposition; mutually opposing
electrolytes
salts and minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body
glucagon (target organ and function)
target liver and blood by raising blood fluid level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver and other nutrients into glucose in the liver and releasing glucose into blood
glucagon (disorders)
a deficiency in glucagon may cause persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)
glucose
simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion
sympathomimetic
agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system that increases the “fight or flight” response
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
a pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain which regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormone; consists of two portions:
1) adenohypophysis
2) neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is triggered by the action of the hypothalamus and produces at least six hormones
neurohypophysis
the posteriori lobe of the pituitary gland which stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:
1) antidiuretic hormone
2) oxytocin
thyroid gland
the largest gland of the endocrine system (H-shaped) located in the neck just below the larynx; composed of two large lobes that are separated the isthmus; produces thyroid hormone
thyroid hormone
the body’s major metabolic hormone; increases the rate of oxygen consumption, including the rate at which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized; is actually two active iodine-containing hormones:
1) thyroxine
2) triiodothyronine
calcitonin (target organs and functions)
- regulated calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
- decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood
calcitonin (disorders)
most significant effects are excerpted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (target organs and functions)
- increases energy production from all food types
- increases rate of protein synthesis
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (disorders)
- hyposecretion in infants caused cretinism; in adults it causes myxedema
- hypersecretion caused Graves disease, which results in exophthalmos
parathyroid glands
at least four separate glands located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone (PTH) (target organs and functions)
bones: increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
kidneys: increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
small intestine: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
parathyroid hormone (PTH) (disorders)
- hyposecretion causes tetany
- hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica
adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)
paired organs covering the superior surface of the kidneys that are divided into two sections:
1) adrenal cortex
2) adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland and produce three types of steroid hormones:
1) mineralocorticoids
2) glucocorticoids
3) sex hormones
mineralocorticoids (target organs and functions)
MAINLY ALDOSTERONE; kidneys: increase blood levels of sodium and decreases blood levels of potassium in the kidneys
mineralocorticoids (disorders)
MAINLY ALDOSTERONE; hyposecretion caused Addison disease, hypersecretion causes aldosteronism
glucocorticoids (target organs and functions)
MAINLY CORTISOL; body cells: promoted gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and helps depress inflammatory and immune responses
glucocorticoids (disorders)
MAINLY CORTISOL; hyposecretion caused Addison disease, hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome
sex hormones (target organs and functions)
any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
in females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (otherwise, insignificant effects in adults)
sex hormones (disorders)
any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices
- hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of male secondary sec characteristics)
- hypersecretion of adrenal aterren and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization (development of female secondary sex characteristics)
- hyposecretion has no known significant effect
adrenal medulla
the inner portion of the adrenal glands which is responsible for intensifying activities set into motion by the sympathetic nervous system; it secretes two hormones:
1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
adrenal medullary hormones (target organs and functions)
EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE; sympathetic nervous system target organs: hormone effects mimic sympathetic heroics system activation (sympathomimetic), increases metabolic rate and heart rate, and raises blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
pancreas
lies inferior to the stomach (in a bend of the duodenum) and functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland
pancreas (exocrine role)
carries digestive secretions from the pancreas to the small intestine which help break down proteins, starches, and fats
pancreas (endocrine role)
secretes two hormones throug the islets of Langerhans:
1) glucagon
2) insulin
insulin (target organs and functions)
tissue cells: lowers blood glucose levels by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy prodction (glucose to glycogen)
pineal gland
a small organ shaped like a pine cone and located deep within the brain (just behind the thalamus) for which there is evidence that it secretes the hormone melatonin
melatonin (functions)
it may inhibit the activites of the ovaries and when produced in high amounts ovulation can be blocked and puberty can be delayed
thymus gland
a butterfly-shaped gland that lies at the base of the neck and is formed mostly of lymphatic tissue and produces thymosin
thymosin (function)
the hormone plays a role in the development of the immune response in newborns
adren/o (1 of 2)
adrenal glands
adrenal/o (1 of 2)
adrenal glands
calc/o
calcium
crin/o
secrete
gluc/o (1 of 3)
sugar, sweetness
glyc/o (1 of 3)
sugar, sweetness
glycos/o (1 of 3)
sugar, sweetness
home/o
same, alike
kal/i
potassium (an electrolyte)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o (1 of 2)
thyroid gland
thyroid/o (1 of 2)
thyroid gland
toxic/o
poison
-crine
secrete
-dipsia
thirst
-gen
forming, producing, origin
-toxic
pertaining to poison
-uria
urine
eu-
good
exo-
outside
poly-
many
endo-
in, within
andr/o
male
hyposecretion
underproduction of hormones; typically treated with durg therapy
hypersecretion
overproduction of hormones; typically treated with surgery
endocrinology
the branch of medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones
endocrinologist
the physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders
thyroid gland disorders
these disorders are common and may occur at any time during life; they may be the result of a developmental problem, injury, disease, or dietary deficiency
cretinism
caused by hypothyroidism in infants that untreated can lead to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature, and abnormal bone formation
myxedema
caused by hypothyroidism in adulthood causing edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness
hyperthyroidism
a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormone causing an elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, and emotional instability
Graves disease (thyrotoxicosis or autoimmune hyperthyroidism)
most common form of hyperthyroidism; an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system produces autoantibodies that stimulate the production of excessive thyroid hormone
toxic nodular/multinodular hyperthyroidism
a form of hyperthyroidism caused by the formation of nodules or lumps on the thyroid gland causing the excess production of thyroid hormone
goiter
enlargment of the thyroid gland as a result of hyperthyroidism
hypoparathyroidism
a disorder involving an insufficient production of parathyroid hormone caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated calcium levels as a result of injury or from surgical removal of the glands; effects include decreased blood calcium levels which cause spasms (tetany)
hypocalcemia
decreased blood calcium level
tetany
muscle twitches and spasms
hyperparathyroidism
a disorder involving overproduction of parathyroid hormone wich is commonly caused by a benign tumor and leads to demineralization of bones (making them porous and highly susceptible to fracture and deformity)
osteitis fibrosa cystica
demineralization of bones
adenoma
a benign glandular tumor
adrenal cortex disorders
1) Addison disease
2) Cushing syndrome
Addison disease (corticoadrenal insufficiency)
a relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by a deficiency of corticol hormones resulting from damage to or atrophy of the adrenal cortex and can lead to:
1) inability for the body to handle internal and external stress
2) muscle weakness
3) anorexia
4) gastrointestinal symptoms
5) fatigue
6) hypoglycemia
7) hypotension
8) low blood sodium
9) high serum potassium
hyponatremia
lower-than-normal level of sodium in the blood
hyperkalemia
condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
Cushing syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by excessive amounts od cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, or both circulating in the blood which alters carbohydrate and protein metabolism and electrolyte balance
Cushing syndrome (causes)
- long-term administration of steroid drugs (glucocorticoids) in treatin such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and asthma
- adrenal tumor, resulting in excessive production of cortisol
- Cushing disease, a pituitary disorder caused by hyperecretion of ACTH from an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland
Cushing syndrome (effects)
- high blood glucose concentration
- increased fluid in tissues, leading to edema
- weight gain
- structural changes (moon-shaped face, grossly exaggerated head and trunk, and pencil-thin arms and legs)
- fatigue
- high blood pressure
- excessive hair growth in unusual places
pheochromocytoma
a disorder of the adrenal medulla which produces excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine causing:
- high blood pressure
- rapid heart rate
- stress
- fear
- palpitations
- headaches
- visual blurring
- muscle spasms
- sweating
diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM)
the most common pancreatic disorder; a chrinoc metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism resulting from insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly
ketosis
a condition cause by the metabolism of fat which produces ketones that enter the blood
type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease that is usually diagnosed in children and yound adults in which the body does not produce a sufficient amount of insulin
type 2 diabetes
the most common form of diabetes (typically diagnosed in adulthood) in which either the body’s cells are resistant to insulin or the pancreas is deficient in producing insulin; the body’s cells do not absorb glucose, and it remains in the blood (hyperglycemia)
hyperglycemia
excessive amount of glucose in the blood
pancreatic cancer
most carcinomas arise as epithelial tissue and cause obstruction and local invasion; pain arising in the organ is a prominent feature of this form of cancer; 2% survival rate
pituitary tumors
can cause excessive or insufficient production of hormones that regulate important functions in the body; are usually benign
thyroid carcinoma
begins with a painless, commonly hard nodule or a nudule in the adjacent ly,ph nodes accompanied by an elnarged thyroid; when the tumor is large, it typically destroys thyroid tissue causing either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
diabetes insipidus (DI)
disorder characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
diuresis
increased formation and secretion of urine
gestational diabetes
diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestation)
growth hormone (GH) disorders
pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor
acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremeties and head
dwarfism
hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in stature (final height of only 3 to 4 feet) but normal body proportions
giantism
hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones and extreme height (up to 8 feet tall) but with body proportions remaining about normal
hirsutism
excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
hypercalcemia
condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
hypervolemia
abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor
neurofibromatosis (NF)
genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
obesity
abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
pan-
all
hyp/o
under, below, deficient
thyroid storm
crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone, also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
virilism
masculinization or development of male secondary sex cahracteristics in a woman
exophthalmometry
measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease
A1c test
blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
screeing test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken at regular intervals following the dose to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood
insulin tolerance test (ITT)
diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein, causing severe hypogllyemia to assess growth hormone (GH) and cortisol reserve
thyroid function test (TFT)
test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
total calcium test
test that measures blood calcium lebels to detect bone and parathyroid disorderes, malabsorption, or an everactive thyroid
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and scan
nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
thyroidectomy
excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue
insulin injection therapy
lifelong therapy using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes
insulin pump therapy
treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin
antithyroids (drug)
treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone
corticosteroids (drug)
replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
growth hormone replacements (drug)
increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
insulins (drug)
lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch-storage form of glucose)
oral antidiabetics
treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
thyroid supplements
replace or supplement thyroid hormones
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
DI
diabetes insipidus
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
ITT
insulin tolerance test
LH
luteinizing hormone
PRL
prolactin
PTH
parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone
RAI
radioactive iodine
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
T3
triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)
T4
thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
TFT
thyroid function test
TH
thyroid hormone
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
NF
neurofibromatosis
