Chapter 10 Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
musculoskeletal system parts
A
muscles, bones, joints, and related structures
2
Q
articulation (joint)
A
place of union between two or more bones
3
Q
hematopoiesis
A
production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
4
Q
ligaments
A
connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones
5
Q
tendons
A
connective tissue that bonds muscle to bone in either side of a joint
6
Q
muscles (general function)
A
contribute to posture, produce body heat, protect internal organs, movement
7
Q
skeletal muscles (striated muscles)
A
attached to bones and produce the means for movement; voluntary
8
Q
smooth muscles (visceral muscles, involuntary muscles)
A
assist internal processes; not under conscious control
9
Q
cardiac muscle
A
make up the myocardium (in the heart wall only)
10
Q
adduction
A
moved closer to the midline
11
Q
abduction
A
moves away from the midline
12
Q
flexion
A
decreased the angle of a joint
13
Q
extension
A
increases the angle of a joint
14
Q
rotation
A
moves a bone around its own axis
15
Q
pronation
A
turns the palm downward
16
Q
supination
A
turns the palm upward
17
Q
inversion
A
moves the sole of the foot inward
18
Q
eversion
A
moves the sole of the foot outward
19
Q
dorsiflexion
A
elevates the foot
20
Q
plantar flexion
A
lowers the foot (points the toes)
21
Q
bones (general function)
A
provides framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow
22
Q
short bones
A
somewhat curve-shaped (nearly equal in length and width); carpals and tarsals
23
Q
irregular bones
A
cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes; vertebrae and bones of the middle ear
24
Q
flat bones
A
flattened in shape, provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; skull, shoulder blades, and sternum
25
long bones
regular, well-defined shapes; found in the extremities of the body
26
diaphysis (long bones)
shaft of bone; **compact bone** forms cylinder around **medullary cavity** that is filled with **yellow bone marrow**
27
epiphysis (proximal and distal, long bones)
at the two ends of the bone
1) articular cartilage
2) epiphyseal line
3) compact bone
4) spongy bone filled with red bone marrow
28
articular cartilage
thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints
29
epiphyseal line (growth plate)
an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; is responsible for bone lengthening during childhood and adolescence; disappears when bone has achieved full growth
30
periosteum (long bones)
dense, white, fibrous membrane covering the remaining surface of the bone
31
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
32
projections
non-articulating surfaces, sites of muscle and ligament attachment
33
trochanter projection
very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur
34
tubercle projection
small, rounded process
35
tuberosity projection
large, rounded process
36
articulating surfaces
projections that form joints
37
condyle articulating surface
rounded, articulating knob
38
head articulating surface
prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone
39
depressions and opening
sites for blood vessel, nerve, and duct passages
40
foramen opening
rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves
41
fissure opening
narrow, slit like opening
42
meatus opening
opening or passage into a bone
43
sinus opening
cavity or hollow space in a bone
44
axial skeleton (sections)
1) skull
2) rib cage
3) vertebral column
45
skull
consists of cranial bones and facial bones
46
cranium
enclosed and protects the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium
47
fontanels (*soft spots*)
fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones to enable an infant’s skull to pass more easily through the birthing canal
48
frontal bone (cranium)
anterior portion of the skull; forehead
49
parietal bone (cranium)
on each side of the skull
50
coronal suture (cranium)
point of connection between parietal bones
51
occipital bone (cranium)
forms the back and base of the skull
52
temporal bone (cranium)
on each side of the skull; form part of the lower cranium
53
mastoid process (cranium)
off of the temporal bones; provide point of attachment for several neck muscles
54
sphenoid bone (cranium)
middle part of the base of the skull; holds all other cranial bones together
55
ethmoid bone (cranium)
anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes
56
mandible (facial)
lower jaw bone
57
mastication
chewing
58
maxillae (facial)
paired upper jawbones
59
hard palate (facial)
roof of the mouth; formed by maxillae
60
nasal bones (facial)
form the shape and bridge of the nose
61
lacrimal bones (facial)
located at the corner of each eye
62
zygomatic bones (facial)
form the highest point of the cheeks below and to the side of the eyes
63
vomer (facial)
forms the lower part of the nasal septum
64
paranasal sinuses
cavities located within the cranial and facial bones; frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and maxillary
65
thorax
chest
66
thoracic cage (*rib cage*)
encloses and protects the heart and lungs
67
true ribs
first seven; attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilage
68
false ribs
second five; attached indirectly to sternum
69
floating ribs
last two; not connected to the sternum
70
vertebral column
made up of 26 vertebrae; supports the body and provides a protective bony canal for the spinal cord
71
cervical vertebrae
first seven; form the neck
72
atlas
first of the cervical vertebrae; supports the skull
73
axis
second of the cervical vertebrae; allows for rotation of the skull on the neck
74
thoracic vertebrae
second twelve vertebrae; support the chest and serve as a point of articulation between the ribs
75
lumbar vertebrae
third five vertebrae; carry most of the weight of the torso
76
sacral vertebrae (*sacrum*)
fourth five vertebrae fused together
77
coccyx
tail of the vertebral column; four or five fragmented fused vertebrae
78
intervertebral discs
composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (**nucleus pulposus**); located between vertebrae
79
appendicular skeleton
composed of upper and lower limbs and their girdles; presents internal organs and provides central support for the body
80
pectoral girdle
made up of the clavicle and scapula; attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides attachments for muscles that aid upper body movements
81
humerus
upper arm bone
82
radius
lateral bone of the forearm
83
ulna
medial bone of the forearm
84
carpals
eight bones that make up the wrist
85
metacarpals
five bones that make up the palm
86
phalanges
bones that make up the fingers and toes
87
pelvic girdle
attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton; sports the trunk of the body and provides protection for lower organs of digestion, urinary, and reproductive structures
88
pelvic girdle (*innominate bone*)
made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
89
acetabulum
deep socket of the hip joint; formed by ilium and joins the pubis
90
femur
large bone that makes up the thigh
91
tibia
lateral bone of the leg
92
fibula
medial bone of the leg
93
patella
kneecap
94
tarsals
the seven bones that make up the ankle
95
metatarsals
five bones that make up the body the foot
96
joint capsule
contains lubricant fluid (**synovial fluid**) and nourishes and protects the joint
97
diarthroses joints
freely movable joints; encased in a sleeve like extension of the periosteum
98
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints; connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage
99
synarthroses
immovable joints
100
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
101
muscul/o
muscle
102
my/o
muscle
103
rhabd/o
rod-shaped (striated)
104
-oid
resembling
105
rhabdomy/o
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
106
brachi/o
arm
107
carp/o
carpus (wrist bone)
108
cephal/o
head
109
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
110
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
111
cost/o
ribs
112
crani/o
cranium
113
dactyl/o
fingers; toes
114
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
115
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
116
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
117
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the lateral side)
118
spondyl/o
vertebrae (backbone)
119
vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
120
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
121
thorac/o
chest
122
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
123
calcaneum
heel bone
124
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
125
fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
126
ili/o
ilium (lateral, floating portion of the hip bone)
127
ischi/o
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
128
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
129
metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
130
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
131
pelv/i
pelvis
132
pelv/o
pelvis
133
pod/o
foot
134
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
135
coccyg/o
coccyx
136
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
137
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
138
arthr/o
joint
139
chondr/o
cartilage
140
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
141
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
142
kyph/o
humpback
143
lamin/o
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
144
lord/o
curve, swayback
145
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
146
orth/o
straight
147
oste/o
bone
148
ped/o
foot; child
149
ped/i
foot; child
150
scoli/o
crooked, bent
151
synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
152
ten/o
tendon
153
tend/o
tendon
154
tendin/o
tendon
155
-asthenia
weakness, debility
156
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
157
-clast
to break; surgical fracture
158
-desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
159
-malacia
softening
160
-porosis
porous
161
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
162
a-
without, not
163
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
164
syn-
union, together, joined
165
fracture
break a crack in a bone
166
pathological fracture
fracture caused by disease
167
reduction
restoring a fractured bone to its normal position
168
closed reduction
bone is aligned through manual manipulation or traction
169
open reduction
realignment of two broken ends through surgical means; uses internal fixation devices
170
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their structures; results in crippling deformities
171
osteoarthritis (*degenerative joint disease*)
a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the cartilage at the end is the bones wears down
172
muscular dystrophy
a group of more than 30 inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass
173
primary bone cancer
malignancies that arise directly from the bone
174
secondary bone cancer
malignancies that metastasize to bone
175
fibrosarcoma
develops in cartilage
176
osteosarcoma
develops from bone tissue
177
ewing sarcoma
develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow
178
bunion (*hallux valgus*)
deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally towards the other toes
179
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
painful condition resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and medial nerve pass)
180
claudication
lameness, limping
181
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
182
crepitation
dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
183
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
184
gout
joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space
185
herniated disc
rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
186
hypotonia
loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
187
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs
188
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone
189
osteoporosis
loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen is postmenopausal women
190
paget disease
chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in softening and thickening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
191
phantom limb
perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
192
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
193
spinal curvatures
any persistent, abnormal deviation of the spinal column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature
194
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right of left; also called C-shaped curvature
195
kyphosis
abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine, also known as humpback or hunchback
196
lordosis
abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the some; also known as swayback
197
spondylolisthesis
any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
198
spondylosis
degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
199
sprain
overstretching or tearing of the ligaments
200
strain
overstretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
201
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae
202
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
203
arthrography
series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
204
bone density test (*bone densitometry*)
noninvasive procedure trust uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
205
discography
radiological examination of the intervals disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
206
lumbosacral spinal radiography
radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
207
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection is a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
208
bone scintigraphy
nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone
209
amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder
210
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications
211
arthroclasia
surgical breaking of an anklyosed joint to provide movement
212
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope
213
bone grafting
implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
214
bursectomy
excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
215
laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae
216
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
217
total hip replacement (THR)
surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
218
bone immobilization
procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
219
casting
bone immobilization by application is a solid, stiff dressing formed with a plaster of Paris or similar material
220
splinting
bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
221
traction
set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system
222
bone resorption inhibitors
prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis
223
calcium supplements
treat and prevent hypocalcemia
224
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation
225
muscle relaxants
relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
226
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
decrease pain and suppress inflammation
227
salicylates
relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
228
vitamin D analogs
fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure
229
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
230
BMD
bone mineral density
231
C#
# cervical vertebra
232
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
233
DEXA, DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
234
DJD
degenerative joint disease
235
DMARDs
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
236
DO, D. O.
Doctor of Osteopathy
237
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
238
IV
intravenous
239
L#
# lumbar vertebra
240
MD
Doctor of Medicine
241
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
242
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
243
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
244
RA
rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium
245
THR
total hip replacement
246
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
