Chapter 10 Flashcards
musculoskeletal system parts
muscles, bones, joints, and related structures
articulation (joint)
place of union between two or more bones
hematopoiesis
production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
ligaments
connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones
tendons
connective tissue that bonds muscle to bone in either side of a joint
muscles (general function)
contribute to posture, produce body heat, protect internal organs, movement
skeletal muscles (striated muscles)
attached to bones and produce the means for movement; voluntary
smooth muscles (visceral muscles, involuntary muscles)
assist internal processes; not under conscious control
cardiac muscle
make up the myocardium (in the heart wall only)
adduction
moved closer to the midline
abduction
moves away from the midline
flexion
decreased the angle of a joint
extension
increases the angle of a joint
rotation
moves a bone around its own axis
pronation
turns the palm downward
supination
turns the palm upward
inversion
moves the sole of the foot inward
eversion
moves the sole of the foot outward
dorsiflexion
elevates the foot
plantar flexion
lowers the foot (points the toes)
bones (general function)
provides framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow
short bones
somewhat curve-shaped (nearly equal in length and width); carpals and tarsals
irregular bones
cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes; vertebrae and bones of the middle ear
flat bones
flattened in shape, provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; skull, shoulder blades, and sternum
long bones
regular, well-defined shapes; found in the extremities of the body
diaphysis (long bones)
shaft of bone; compact bone forms cylinder around medullary cavity that is filled with yellow bone marrow
epiphysis (proximal and distal, long bones)
at the two ends of the bone
1) articular cartilage
2) epiphyseal line
3) compact bone
4) spongy bone filled with red bone marrow
articular cartilage
thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints
epiphyseal line (growth plate)
an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; is responsible for bone lengthening during childhood and adolescence; disappears when bone has achieved full growth
periosteum (long bones)
dense, white, fibrous membrane covering the remaining surface of the bone
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
projections
non-articulating surfaces, sites of muscle and ligament attachment
trochanter projection
very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur
tubercle projection
small, rounded process
tuberosity projection
large, rounded process
articulating surfaces
projections that form joints
condyle articulating surface
rounded, articulating knob
head articulating surface
prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone
depressions and opening
sites for blood vessel, nerve, and duct passages
foramen opening
rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves
fissure opening
narrow, slit like opening
meatus opening
opening or passage into a bone
sinus opening
cavity or hollow space in a bone
axial skeleton (sections)
1) skull
2) rib cage
3) vertebral column
skull
consists of cranial bones and facial bones
cranium
enclosed and protects the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium
fontanels (soft spots)
fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones to enable an infant’s skull to pass more easily through the birthing canal
frontal bone (cranium)
anterior portion of the skull; forehead
parietal bone (cranium)
on each side of the skull
coronal suture (cranium)
point of connection between parietal bones
occipital bone (cranium)
forms the back and base of the skull
temporal bone (cranium)
on each side of the skull; form part of the lower cranium
mastoid process (cranium)
off of the temporal bones; provide point of attachment for several neck muscles
sphenoid bone (cranium)
middle part of the base of the skull; holds all other cranial bones together
ethmoid bone (cranium)
anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes
mandible (facial)
lower jaw bone
mastication
chewing
maxillae (facial)
paired upper jawbones
hard palate (facial)
roof of the mouth; formed by maxillae
nasal bones (facial)
form the shape and bridge of the nose
lacrimal bones (facial)
located at the corner of each eye
zygomatic bones (facial)
form the highest point of the cheeks below and to the side of the eyes
vomer (facial)
forms the lower part of the nasal septum
paranasal sinuses
cavities located within the cranial and facial bones; frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and maxillary
thorax
chest
thoracic cage (rib cage)
encloses and protects the heart and lungs
true ribs
first seven; attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilage
false ribs
second five; attached indirectly to sternum
floating ribs
last two; not connected to the sternum
vertebral column
made up of 26 vertebrae; supports the body and provides a protective bony canal for the spinal cord
cervical vertebrae
first seven; form the neck
atlas
first of the cervical vertebrae; supports the skull
axis
second of the cervical vertebrae; allows for rotation of the skull on the neck
thoracic vertebrae
second twelve vertebrae; support the chest and serve as a point of articulation between the ribs
lumbar vertebrae
third five vertebrae; carry most of the weight of the torso
sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
fourth five vertebrae fused together
coccyx
tail of the vertebral column; four or five fragmented fused vertebrae
intervertebral discs
composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (nucleus pulposus); located between vertebrae
appendicular skeleton
composed of upper and lower limbs and their girdles; presents internal organs and provides central support for the body
pectoral girdle
made up of the clavicle and scapula; attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides attachments for muscles that aid upper body movements
humerus
upper arm bone
radius
lateral bone of the forearm
ulna
medial bone of the forearm
carpals
eight bones that make up the wrist
metacarpals
five bones that make up the palm
phalanges
bones that make up the fingers and toes
pelvic girdle
attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton; sports the trunk of the body and provides protection for lower organs of digestion, urinary, and reproductive structures
pelvic girdle (innominate bone)
made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
acetabulum
deep socket of the hip joint; formed by ilium and joins the pubis
femur
large bone that makes up the thigh
tibia
lateral bone of the leg
fibula
medial bone of the leg
patella
kneecap
tarsals
the seven bones that make up the ankle
metatarsals
five bones that make up the body the foot
joint capsule
contains lubricant fluid (synovial fluid) and nourishes and protects the joint
diarthroses joints
freely movable joints; encased in a sleeve like extension of the periosteum
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints; connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage
synarthroses
immovable joints
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
muscul/o
muscle
my/o
muscle
rhabd/o
rod-shaped (striated)
-oid
resembling
rhabdomy/o
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
brachi/o
arm
carp/o
carpus (wrist bone)
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium
dactyl/o
fingers; toes
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the lateral side)
spondyl/o
vertebrae (backbone)
vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
thorac/o
chest
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
calcaneum
heel bone
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
ili/o
ilium (lateral, floating portion of the hip bone)
ischi/o
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis
pelv/o
pelvis
pod/o
foot
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
coccyg/o
coccyx
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
arthr/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
kyph/o
humpback
lamin/o
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
lord/o
curve, swayback
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
ped/o
foot; child
ped/i
foot; child
scoli/o
crooked, bent
synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
ten/o
tendon
tend/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-asthenia
weakness, debility
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
-clast
to break; surgical fracture
-desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
-malacia
softening
-porosis
porous
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
a-
without, not
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
syn-
union, together, joined
fracture
break a crack in a bone
pathological fracture
fracture caused by disease
reduction
restoring a fractured bone to its normal position
closed reduction
bone is aligned through manual manipulation or traction
open reduction
realignment of two broken ends through surgical means; uses internal fixation devices
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their structures; results in crippling deformities
osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the cartilage at the end is the bones wears down
muscular dystrophy
a group of more than 30 inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass
primary bone cancer
malignancies that arise directly from the bone
secondary bone cancer
malignancies that metastasize to bone
fibrosarcoma
develops in cartilage
osteosarcoma
develops from bone tissue
ewing sarcoma
develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow
bunion (hallux valgus)
deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally towards the other toes
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
painful condition resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and medial nerve pass)
claudication
lameness, limping
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
gout
joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space
herniated disc
rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
hypotonia
loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
myasthenia gravis
chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone
osteoporosis
loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen is postmenopausal women
paget disease
chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in softening and thickening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
phantom limb
perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
spinal curvatures
any persistent, abnormal deviation of the spinal column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right of left; also called C-shaped curvature
kyphosis
abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine, also known as humpback or hunchback
lordosis
abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the some; also known as swayback
spondylolisthesis
any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
spondylosis
degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
sprain
overstretching or tearing of the ligaments
strain
overstretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
arthrography
series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
bone density test (bone densitometry)
noninvasive procedure trust uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
discography
radiological examination of the intervals disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
lumbosacral spinal radiography
radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection is a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
bone scintigraphy
nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone
amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications
arthroclasia
surgical breaking of an anklyosed joint to provide movement
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope
bone grafting
implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
bursectomy
excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
total hip replacement (THR)
surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
bone immobilization
procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
casting
bone immobilization by application is a solid, stiff dressing formed with a plaster of Paris or similar material
splinting
bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
traction
set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system
bone resorption inhibitors
prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis
calcium supplements
treat and prevent hypocalcemia
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation
muscle relaxants
relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
decrease pain and suppress inflammation
salicylates
relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
vitamin D analogs
fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
BMD
bone mineral density
C#
cervical vertebra
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DEXA, DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DMARDs
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
DO, D. O.
Doctor of Osteopathy
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
IV
intravenous
L#
lumbar vertebra
MD
Doctor of Medicine
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
RA
rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium
THR
total hip replacement
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
