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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

musculoskeletal system parts

A

muscles, bones, joints, and related structures

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2
Q

articulation (joint)

A

place of union between two or more bones

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3
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

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4
Q

ligaments

A

connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

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5
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue that bonds muscle to bone in either side of a joint

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6
Q

muscles (general function)

A

contribute to posture, produce body heat, protect internal organs, movement

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7
Q

skeletal muscles (striated muscles)

A

attached to bones and produce the means for movement; voluntary

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8
Q

smooth muscles (visceral muscles, involuntary muscles)

A

assist internal processes; not under conscious control

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9
Q

cardiac muscle

A

make up the myocardium (in the heart wall only)

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10
Q

adduction

A

moved closer to the midline

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11
Q

abduction

A

moves away from the midline

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12
Q

flexion

A

decreased the angle of a joint

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13
Q

extension

A

increases the angle of a joint

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14
Q

rotation

A

moves a bone around its own axis

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15
Q

pronation

A

turns the palm downward

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16
Q

supination

A

turns the palm upward

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17
Q

inversion

A

moves the sole of the foot inward

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18
Q

eversion

A

moves the sole of the foot outward

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19
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevates the foot

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20
Q

plantar flexion

A

lowers the foot (points the toes)

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21
Q

bones (general function)

A

provides framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow

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22
Q

short bones

A

somewhat curve-shaped (nearly equal in length and width); carpals and tarsals

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23
Q

irregular bones

A

cannot be classified as short or long due to their complex shapes; vertebrae and bones of the middle ear

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24
Q

flat bones

A

flattened in shape, provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs; skull, shoulder blades, and sternum

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25
Q

long bones

A

regular, well-defined shapes; found in the extremities of the body

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26
Q

diaphysis (long bones)

A

shaft of bone; compact bone forms cylinder around medullary cavity that is filled with yellow bone marrow

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27
Q

epiphysis (proximal and distal, long bones)

A

at the two ends of the bone

1) articular cartilage
2) epiphyseal line
3) compact bone
4) spongy bone filled with red bone marrow

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28
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form joints

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29
Q

epiphyseal line (growth plate)

A

an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; is responsible for bone lengthening during childhood and adolescence; disappears when bone has achieved full growth

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30
Q

periosteum (long bones)

A

dense, white, fibrous membrane covering the remaining surface of the bone

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31
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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32
Q

projections

A

non-articulating surfaces, sites of muscle and ligament attachment

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33
Q

trochanter projection

A

very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

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34
Q

tubercle projection

A

small, rounded process

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35
Q

tuberosity projection

A

large, rounded process

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36
Q

articulating surfaces

A

projections that form joints

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37
Q

condyle articulating surface

A

rounded, articulating knob

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38
Q

head articulating surface

A

prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone

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39
Q

depressions and opening

A

sites for blood vessel, nerve, and duct passages

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40
Q

foramen opening

A

rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves

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41
Q

fissure opening

A

narrow, slit like opening

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42
Q

meatus opening

A

opening or passage into a bone

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43
Q

sinus opening

A

cavity or hollow space in a bone

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44
Q

axial skeleton (sections)

A

1) skull
2) rib cage
3) vertebral column

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45
Q

skull

A

consists of cranial bones and facial bones

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46
Q

cranium

A

enclosed and protects the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium

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47
Q

fontanels (soft spots)

A

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones to enable an infant’s skull to pass more easily through the birthing canal

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48
Q

frontal bone (cranium)

A

anterior portion of the skull; forehead

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49
Q

parietal bone (cranium)

A

on each side of the skull

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50
Q

coronal suture (cranium)

A

point of connection between parietal bones

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51
Q

occipital bone (cranium)

A

forms the back and base of the skull

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52
Q

temporal bone (cranium)

A

on each side of the skull; form part of the lower cranium

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53
Q

mastoid process (cranium)

A

off of the temporal bones; provide point of attachment for several neck muscles

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54
Q

sphenoid bone (cranium)

A

middle part of the base of the skull; holds all other cranial bones together

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55
Q

ethmoid bone (cranium)

A

anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes

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56
Q

mandible (facial)

A

lower jaw bone

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57
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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58
Q

maxillae (facial)

A

paired upper jawbones

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59
Q

hard palate (facial)

A

roof of the mouth; formed by maxillae

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60
Q

nasal bones (facial)

A

form the shape and bridge of the nose

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61
Q

lacrimal bones (facial)

A

located at the corner of each eye

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62
Q

zygomatic bones (facial)

A

form the highest point of the cheeks below and to the side of the eyes

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63
Q

vomer (facial)

A

forms the lower part of the nasal septum

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64
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

cavities located within the cranial and facial bones; frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and maxillary

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65
Q

thorax

A

chest

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66
Q

thoracic cage (rib cage)

A

encloses and protects the heart and lungs

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67
Q

true ribs

A

first seven; attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilage

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68
Q

false ribs

A

second five; attached indirectly to sternum

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69
Q

floating ribs

A

last two; not connected to the sternum

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70
Q

vertebral column

A

made up of 26 vertebrae; supports the body and provides a protective bony canal for the spinal cord

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71
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

first seven; form the neck

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72
Q

atlas

A

first of the cervical vertebrae; supports the skull

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73
Q

axis

A

second of the cervical vertebrae; allows for rotation of the skull on the neck

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74
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

second twelve vertebrae; support the chest and serve as a point of articulation between the ribs

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75
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

third five vertebrae; carry most of the weight of the torso

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76
Q

sacral vertebrae (sacrum)

A

fourth five vertebrae fused together

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77
Q

coccyx

A

tail of the vertebral column; four or five fragmented fused vertebrae

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78
Q

intervertebral discs

A

composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (nucleus pulposus); located between vertebrae

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79
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

composed of upper and lower limbs and their girdles; presents internal organs and provides central support for the body

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80
Q

pectoral girdle

A

made up of the clavicle and scapula; attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provides attachments for muscles that aid upper body movements

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81
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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82
Q

radius

A

lateral bone of the forearm

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83
Q

ulna

A

medial bone of the forearm

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84
Q

carpals

A

eight bones that make up the wrist

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85
Q

metacarpals

A

five bones that make up the palm

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86
Q

phalanges

A

bones that make up the fingers and toes

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87
Q

pelvic girdle

A

attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton; sports the trunk of the body and provides protection for lower organs of digestion, urinary, and reproductive structures

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88
Q

pelvic girdle (innominate bone)

A

made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

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89
Q

acetabulum

A

deep socket of the hip joint; formed by ilium and joins the pubis

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90
Q

femur

A

large bone that makes up the thigh

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91
Q

tibia

A

lateral bone of the leg

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92
Q

fibula

A

medial bone of the leg

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93
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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94
Q

tarsals

A

the seven bones that make up the ankle

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95
Q

metatarsals

A

five bones that make up the body the foot

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96
Q

joint capsule

A

contains lubricant fluid (synovial fluid) and nourishes and protects the joint

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97
Q

diarthroses joints

A

freely movable joints; encased in a sleeve like extension of the periosteum

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98
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints; connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage

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99
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints

100
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth (visceral) muscle

101
Q

muscul/o

A

muscle

102
Q

my/o

A

muscle

103
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped (striated)

104
Q

-oid

A

resembling

105
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

106
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

107
Q

carp/o

A

carpus (wrist bone)

108
Q

cephal/o

A

head

109
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

110
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

111
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

112
Q

crani/o

A

cranium

113
Q

dactyl/o

A

fingers; toes

114
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

115
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpus (hand bones)

116
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

117
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the lateral side)

118
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae (backbone)

119
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebrae (backbone)

120
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breastbone)

121
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

122
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneum (heel bone)

123
Q

calcaneum

A

heel bone

124
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bone)

125
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

126
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, floating portion of the hip bone)

127
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

128
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

129
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsus (foot bones)

130
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

131
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

132
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

133
Q

pod/o

A

foot

134
Q

pub/o

A

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

135
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx

136
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

137
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiffness; bent, crooked

138
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

139
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

140
Q

fasci/o

A

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

141
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber, fibrous tissue

142
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

143
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

144
Q

lord/o

A

curve, swayback

145
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

146
Q

orth/o

A

straight

147
Q

oste/o

A

bone

148
Q

ped/o

A

foot; child

149
Q

ped/i

A

foot; child

150
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent

151
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

152
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

153
Q

tend/o

A

tendon

154
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

155
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, debility

156
Q

-clasia

A

to break; surgical fracture

157
Q

-clast

A

to break; surgical fracture

158
Q

-desis

A

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

159
Q

-malacia

A

softening

160
Q

-porosis

A

porous

161
Q

-sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of connective tissue

162
Q

a-

A

without, not

163
Q

dys-

A

bad; painful; difficult

164
Q

syn-

A

union, together, joined

165
Q

fracture

A

break a crack in a bone

166
Q

pathological fracture

A

fracture caused by disease

167
Q

reduction

A

restoring a fractured bone to its normal position

168
Q

closed reduction

A

bone is aligned through manual manipulation or traction

169
Q

open reduction

A

realignment of two broken ends through surgical means; uses internal fixation devices

170
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their structures; results in crippling deformities

171
Q

osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)

A

a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the cartilage at the end is the bones wears down

172
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a group of more than 30 inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass

173
Q

primary bone cancer

A

malignancies that arise directly from the bone

174
Q

secondary bone cancer

A

malignancies that metastasize to bone

175
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

develops in cartilage

176
Q

osteosarcoma

A

develops from bone tissue

177
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow

178
Q

bunion (hallux valgus)

A

deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally towards the other toes

179
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

painful condition resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and medial nerve pass)

180
Q

claudication

A

lameness, limping

181
Q

contracture

A

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

182
Q

crepitation

A

dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

183
Q

ganglion cyst

A

fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

184
Q

gout

A

joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space

185
Q

herniated disc

A

rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

186
Q

hypotonia

A

loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

187
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs

188
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone

189
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen is postmenopausal women

190
Q

paget disease

A

chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in softening and thickening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull

191
Q

phantom limb

A

perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

192
Q

rickets

A

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

193
Q

spinal curvatures

A

any persistent, abnormal deviation of the spinal column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature

194
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right of left; also called C-shaped curvature

195
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine, also known as humpback or hunchback

196
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the some; also known as swayback

197
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

198
Q

spondylosis

A

degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

199
Q

sprain

A

overstretching or tearing of the ligaments

200
Q

strain

A

overstretching or tearing of muscle or tendon

201
Q

subluxation

A

partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

202
Q

talipes equinovarus

A

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot

203
Q

arthrography

A

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

204
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

noninvasive procedure trust uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

205
Q

discography

A

radiological examination of the intervals disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

206
Q

lumbosacral spinal radiography

A

radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

207
Q

myelography

A

radiography of the spinal cord after injection is a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

208
Q

bone scintigraphy

A

nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone

209
Q

amputation

A

partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder

210
Q

arthrocentesis

A

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications

211
Q

arthroclasia

A

surgical breaking of an anklyosed joint to provide movement

212
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope

213
Q

bone grafting

A

implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

214
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

215
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae

216
Q

sequestrectomy

A

excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

217
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

A

surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

218
Q

bone immobilization

A

procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

219
Q

casting

A

bone immobilization by application is a solid, stiff dressing formed with a plaster of Paris or similar material

220
Q

splinting

A

bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

221
Q

traction

A

set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system

222
Q

bone resorption inhibitors

A

prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis

223
Q

calcium supplements

A

treat and prevent hypocalcemia

224
Q

disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A

slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation

225
Q

muscle relaxants

A

relieve muscle spasms and stiffness

226
Q

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

decrease pain and suppress inflammation

227
Q

salicylates

A

relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation

228
Q

vitamin D analogs

A

fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure

229
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

230
Q

BMD

A

bone mineral density

231
Q

C#

A

cervical vertebra

232
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

233
Q

DEXA, DXA

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

234
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

235
Q

DMARDs

A

disease modifying antirheumatic drugs

236
Q

DO, D. O.

A

Doctor of Osteopathy

237
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)

238
Q

IV

A

intravenous

239
Q

L#

A

lumbar vertebra

240
Q

MD

A

Doctor of Medicine

241
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

242
Q

NSAIDs

A

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

243
Q

PCL

A

posterior cruciate ligament

244
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium

245
Q

THR

A

total hip replacement

246
Q

TRAM

A

transverse rectus abdominis muscle

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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