Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terminology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

urinary system

A

the primary function is regulation of extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid) and their excretion from the body; it consists of:

1) two kidneys
2) two ureters
3) the urinary bladder
4) the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

filtrate

A

fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

peristaltic wave

A

sequence of rythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pH

A

symbol that expresses the degree of alkalinity or aciditiy of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kidneys (function and location)

A

work to continuously eliminate nitrogenous products, balance electrolytes, and secrete erythropoietin; they are located slightly above the waistline and are retroperitoneal (outside of the peritoneum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

kidneys (structure)

A

the outer area of the kidneys is the renal cortex and the middle area is the renal medulla which contain nephrons (microscopic filters); the hilum is located at the medial border through which the renal artery and vein run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal pelvis

A

urine enters the renal pelvis after leaving the kidney where it meets up with the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ureter

A

a slender tube approximately 10” to 12” long that utilizes peristaltic waves to carry urine to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

urinary bladder

A

acts as a temporary resevoir for urine which enters through the ureteral orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trigone

A

a triangular area at the base of the bladder that is formed by the two openings of the ureters and leads to the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

urethra

A

a tube that discharges urine from the bladder and expels it through the urinary meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

micturition

A

urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nephrons (function)

A

microscopic structures that maintain homeostasis by continually adjusting and regulating the composition, volume, and pH of blood plasma and tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nephrons (structure)

A

composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

renal corpuscle

A

composed of a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and a modified, enlarged extension of the renal tube known as the Bowman (glomerular) capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nephron vessels

A

1) afferent arteriole - carries blood to the glomerulus
2) efferent arteriole - carries blood away from the glomerulus; passes bethind the renal corpuscle to form the pertubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

renal tubule

A

composed of four sections:

1) proximal convoluted tubule
2) loop of Henle
3) distal tubule
4) collection tubule - transports newly formed urine to the renal pelvis for excretion by the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

filtration (in the nephrons)

A

occurs in the renal corpuscle as water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules in blood plasma in the afferent tubule pass into the Bowman capsule to form filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reabsorption (in the nephrons)

A

begins as filtrate travels through the long, twisted pathway of the tubule; most of the water and some of the electrolytes and amino acids from the tubule reenter the circulating blood through the peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

secretion (in the nephrons)

A

the final stage of urine formation; the peritubular capillaries actively secrete waste products, such as ammonia, uric acid, and metabolic products of medications, into the renal tubules for removal in urine; urine leaves the collection tubule and enters the renal pelvis from which it passes to the bladder for temporary storage until urination takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin, protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria (singular, bacterium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cyst/o (1 of 2)

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

vesic/o (1 of 2)

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

kal/i

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

keton/o

A

ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

meat/o

A

opening, meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

nephr/o (1 of 2)

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ren/o (1 of 2)

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

noct/o

A

night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

py/o

A

pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

-genesis

A

forming; producing; origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

-uria

A

urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

dia-

A

through, across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

49
Q

dysuria

A

pain during urination

50
Q

urology

A

the branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system

51
Q

urologist

A

the physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders

52
Q

nephrology

A

the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis

53
Q

nephrologist

A

physicians to practice is the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis

54
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

an inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons, causing it to become “leaky” (permeable); RBCs and proteins pass through the inflamed glomerular mebrane and enter the tubule

55
Q

glomerulonephritis (signs)

A

protein in the urine (proteinuria), blood in the urine (hematuria), and bacteria in the urine (bacteruria)

56
Q

glomerulonephritis (causes)

A

bacterial endocarditis, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or a reaction to the toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria (especially strep throat)

57
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

stones (calculi) that form in the kidney when dissolved urine salts begin to solidify and can lodge in the ureters (ureterolithiasis) causing intense, throbbing pain as well as urine to flow backwards into the renal pelvis, causing it to dilate

58
Q

nephrolithiasis (treatment)

A
  • pulverizing the stone using concentrated ultrasound shock waves, generated by a machine (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy [ESWL])
  • a minimally invasive surgery (percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL])
59
Q

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

when the tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs (nephrotoxic ATN) or by a decrease in blood supply (ischemic ATN)

60
Q

acute tubular necrosis (ATN, causes)

A
  • circulatory collapse
  • severe hypotension
  • hemorrhage
  • dehydration
  • other disorder that affect blood supply
  • ingestion of toxic drugs
61
Q

oliguria

A

scanty urine production

62
Q

transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • accounts for 95% of bladder cancers in the US
  • occurs when malignant tumors invade the bladder, ureter, and urethra
63
Q

adenocarcinoma

A
  • accounts for 1% of bladder cancers in the US
  • occurs when malignancy arises from mucus-secreting glands in the bladder
  • generally less invasive
64
Q

bladder cancer (signs and symptoms)

A
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • abdominal or back pain
65
Q

bladder cancer (treatment)

A

for early stages: the employment of an electric current or high-energy laser using a device passed through the urethra (transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TUURBT])

for advanced stages: removal of the bladder (cystectomy), immunotherapy, intravesical chemotherapy, or radiation therapy

66
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine production or output

67
Q

bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

A

blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

68
Q

cystocele

A

prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina

69
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

70
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence

71
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

72
Q

hydronephrosis

A

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

73
Q

interstitial cystitis (IC)

A

chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome

74
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

75
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage

76
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys

77
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney

78
Q

urgency

A

sensation of the need to void immediately

79
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

an infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)

80
Q

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

A

disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter

81
Q

Wilms tumor

A

rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma

82
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra

83
Q

cystoscopy (cysto)

A

examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps

84
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a wate product of protein metabolism

85
Q

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibodies

86
Q

urinalysis (UA)

A

urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

87
Q

bladder ultrasound

A

a noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention

88
Q

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography

89
Q

renal nuclear scan

A

nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys

90
Q

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

A

x-ray of the bladder and urethre performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

91
Q

kidney transplant

A

replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)

92
Q

nephrostomy

A

opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so

93
Q

ureteral stent placement

A

insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

94
Q

dialysis

A

filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances

95
Q

hemodialysis

A

dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution calles dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream

96
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution

97
Q

antibiotics

A

treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes

98
Q

antispasmodics

A

decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder

99
Q

diuretics

A

promote and increase the excretion of urine

100
Q

potassium supplements

A

replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics

101
Q

ATN

A

acute tubular necrosis

102
Q

BNO

A

bladder neck obstruction

103
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

104
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

105
Q

cysto

A

cystoscopy

106
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram, electromyography

107
Q

ESRD

A

end-stage renal disease

108
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

109
Q

IC

A

interstitial cystitis

110
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography

111
Q

PCNL

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

112
Q

PKD

A

polycystic kidney disease

113
Q

TURBT

A

transurethral resection of bladder tumor

114
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

115
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

116
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

117
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrography

118
Q

VUR

A

vesicoureteral reflux

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions