Chapter 11 Flashcards
urinary system
the primary function is regulation of extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid) and their excretion from the body; it consists of:
1) two kidneys
2) two ureters
3) the urinary bladder
4) the urethra
electrolyte
mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH
filtrate
fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule
nitrogenous waste
product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
peristaltic wave
sequence of rythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
pH
symbol that expresses the degree of alkalinity or aciditiy of a solution
plasma
liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
kidneys (function and location)
work to continuously eliminate nitrogenous products, balance electrolytes, and secrete erythropoietin; they are located slightly above the waistline and are retroperitoneal (outside of the peritoneum)
kidneys (structure)
the outer area of the kidneys is the renal cortex and the middle area is the renal medulla which contain nephrons (microscopic filters); the hilum is located at the medial border through which the renal artery and vein run
renal pelvis
urine enters the renal pelvis after leaving the kidney where it meets up with the ureter
ureter
a slender tube approximately 10” to 12” long that utilizes peristaltic waves to carry urine to the bladder
urinary bladder
acts as a temporary resevoir for urine which enters through the ureteral orifice
trigone
a triangular area at the base of the bladder that is formed by the two openings of the ureters and leads to the urethra
urethra
a tube that discharges urine from the bladder and expels it through the urinary meatus
micturition
urination
nephrons (function)
microscopic structures that maintain homeostasis by continually adjusting and regulating the composition, volume, and pH of blood plasma and tissue fluid
nephrons (structure)
composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tube
renal corpuscle
composed of a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and a modified, enlarged extension of the renal tube known as the Bowman (glomerular) capsule
nephron vessels
1) afferent arteriole - carries blood to the glomerulus
2) efferent arteriole - carries blood away from the glomerulus; passes bethind the renal corpuscle to form the pertubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule
renal tubule
composed of four sections:
1) proximal convoluted tubule
2) loop of Henle
3) distal tubule
4) collection tubule - transports newly formed urine to the renal pelvis for excretion by the kidneys
filtration (in the nephrons)
occurs in the renal corpuscle as water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules in blood plasma in the afferent tubule pass into the Bowman capsule to form filtrate
reabsorption (in the nephrons)
begins as filtrate travels through the long, twisted pathway of the tubule; most of the water and some of the electrolytes and amino acids from the tubule reenter the circulating blood through the peritubular capillaries
secretion (in the nephrons)
the final stage of urine formation; the peritubular capillaries actively secrete waste products, such as ammonia, uric acid, and metabolic products of medications, into the renal tubules for removal in urine; urine leaves the collection tubule and enters the renal pelvis from which it passes to the bladder for temporary storage until urination takes place
albumin/o
albumin, protein
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
bacteri/o
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
cyst/o (1 of 2)
bladder
vesic/o (1 of 2)
bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
kal/i
potassium (an electrolyte)
keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
lith/o
stone, calculus
meat/o
opening, meatus
nephr/o (1 of 2)
kidney
ren/o (1 of 2)
kidney
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-uria
urine
dia-
through, across
retro-
backward, behind
dysuria
pain during urination
urology
the branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system
urologist
the physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders
nephrology
the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis
nephrologist
physicians to practice is the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis
glomerulonephritis
an inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons, causing it to become “leaky” (permeable); RBCs and proteins pass through the inflamed glomerular mebrane and enter the tubule
glomerulonephritis (signs)
protein in the urine (proteinuria), blood in the urine (hematuria), and bacteria in the urine (bacteruria)
glomerulonephritis (causes)
bacterial endocarditis, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or a reaction to the toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria (especially strep throat)
nephrolithiasis
stones (calculi) that form in the kidney when dissolved urine salts begin to solidify and can lodge in the ureters (ureterolithiasis) causing intense, throbbing pain as well as urine to flow backwards into the renal pelvis, causing it to dilate
nephrolithiasis (treatment)
- pulverizing the stone using concentrated ultrasound shock waves, generated by a machine (extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy [ESWL])
- a minimally invasive surgery (percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL])
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
when the tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs (nephrotoxic ATN) or by a decrease in blood supply (ischemic ATN)
acute tubular necrosis (ATN, causes)
- circulatory collapse
- severe hypotension
- hemorrhage
- dehydration
- other disorder that affect blood supply
- ingestion of toxic drugs
oliguria
scanty urine production
transitional cell carcinoma
- accounts for 95% of bladder cancers in the US
- occurs when malignant tumors invade the bladder, ureter, and urethra
adenocarcinoma
- accounts for 1% of bladder cancers in the US
- occurs when malignancy arises from mucus-secreting glands in the bladder
- generally less invasive
bladder cancer (signs and symptoms)
- hematuria
- dysuria
- abdominal or back pain
bladder cancer (treatment)
for early stages: the employment of an electric current or high-energy laser using a device passed through the urethra (transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TUURBT])
for advanced stages: removal of the bladder (cystectomy), immunotherapy, intravesical chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
anuria
absence of urine production or output
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
cystocele
prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
interstitial cystitis (IC)
chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
nephrotic syndrome
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
pyelonephritis
infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
urgency
sensation of the need to void immediately
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
Wilms tumor
rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma
electromyography (EMG)
measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy (cysto)
examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a wate product of protein metabolism
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibodies
urinalysis (UA)
urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
bladder ultrasound
a noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
renal nuclear scan
nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
x-ray of the bladder and urethre performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
kidney transplant
replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)
nephrostomy
opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
ureteral stent placement
insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
dialysis
filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
hemodialysis
dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution calles dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
antibiotics
treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
antispasmodics
decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
diuretics
promote and increase the excretion of urine
potassium supplements
replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
C&S
culture and sensitivity
cysto
cystoscopy
EMG
electromyogram, electromyography
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
IC
interstitial cystitis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
PCNL
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
UA
urinalysis
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
UTI
urinary tract infection
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
VUR
vesicoureteral reflux
