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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory system (function)

A

responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

ventilation

A

breathing; the transportation of oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and the elimination of carbon dioxide waste from the lungs to the atmosphere

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body

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4
Q

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

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5
Q

cartilage

A

tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

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6
Q

cilia

A

minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell

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7
Q

diffuse

A

to move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

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8
Q

oxygen (O2)

A

tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

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9
Q

serous membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

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10
Q

nasal cavity

A

a chamber lined with mucous membranes and cilia; the air is filtered, heated, and moistened to prepare if for its journey to the lungs

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11
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity into a right and left; made of cartilage

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12
Q

olfactory neurons

A

receptors for the sense of smell; covered in a layer of mucus and located high in they nasal cavity

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13
Q

pharynx

A

throat; passageway for food and air

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14
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to the nose

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15
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to the mouth

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16
Q

laryngopharynx

A

superior to the larynx

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17
Q

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

A

collections of lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx

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18
Q

palatine tonsils (tonsils)

A

protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route; located in the oropharynx

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19
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible

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20
Q

epiglottis

A

a leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx that seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing

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21
Q

trachea (windpipe)

A

composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage which provides rigidity to keep the air passage open; divides into two branches called bronchi

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22
Q

bronchi

A

split off of trachea and lead to each lung (right and left)

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23
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

makes up the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi and is embedded with cilia

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24
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller branches of the bronchus

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25
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles that expand and contract with inflow and outflow of air

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26
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs and brings oxygenated blood out of the lungs (carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolar spaces and oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli)

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27
Q

mediastinum

A

the space between the right and left lungs; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi

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28
Q

pleura

A

covers the loves of the lungs and fold over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity

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29
Q

visceral pleura

A

the membrane lying closest to the lung

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30
Q

parietal pleura

A

the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

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31
Q

pleural cavity

A

the space between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the membranes

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32
Q

diaphragm

A

a large muscular partition that assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differentiation for ventilation

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33
Q

inspiration

A

the pressure decreases in the chest and draws air into the lungs

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34
Q

expiration

A

the pressure increases in the chest and air leaves the lungs

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35
Q

pulmonary respiration (general)

A

the process by which O2 is taken from the air and carried to body cells for their use, and CO2 and water, the waste products generated by these cells, are carried to the lungs and returned to the environment

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36
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

a largely involuntary action the moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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37
Q

external respiration

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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38
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system

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39
Q

internal respiration

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries

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40
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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41
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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42
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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43
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus, cavity

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44
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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45
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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46
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsils

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47
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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48
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (voice box)

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49
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

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50
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus

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51
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus

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52
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole

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53
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus; air sac

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54
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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55
Q

pneum/o

A

air; lung

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56
Q

pneumon/o

A

air; lung

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57
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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58
Q

anthrac/o

A

coal, coal dust

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59
Q

atel/o

A

incomplete; imperfect

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60
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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61
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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62
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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63
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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64
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen (O2)

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65
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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66
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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67
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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68
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm; mind

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69
Q

spir/o

A

breathe

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70
Q

-capnia

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

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71
Q

-osmia

A

smell

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72
Q

-phonia

A

voice

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73
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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74
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

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75
Q

-thorax

A

chest

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76
Q

brady-

A

slow

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77
Q

dys-

A

bad; painful; difficult

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78
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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79
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

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80
Q

pulmonology

A

the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system

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81
Q

pulmonologist

A

the physician who treats disorders of the respiratory system

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82
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages

83
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

84
Q

3 major disorders of COPD

A

asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

85
Q

bronchospams

A

spasms in the bronchial passages produced by asthma

86
Q

paroxysmal

A

sudden and violent

87
Q

productive cough

A

coughing episodes that produce large amounts of mucus

88
Q

exacerbations

A

flare-ups

89
Q

at risk, mild COPD

A
  • minor difficulty with airflow
  • possible pretense of chronic cough with sputum production
  • patient possibly unaware of disease
90
Q

moderate COPD

A
  • apparent limitation in airflow
  • possible shortness of breath
  • patient possibly seeking medical intervention at this level
91
Q

severe COPD

A
  • inadequate airflow
  • increase in shortness of breath with activity
  • patient experiencing diminished quality of life
92
Q

very severe COPD

A
  • severe airflow limitations
  • significant impairment in quality of life
  • possible life-threatening exacerbations
  • possible development of complications, such as respiratory or heart failure
93
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution

94
Q

emphysema

A

characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli

95
Q

dilate

A

expand

96
Q

orthopnea

A

breathing while being erect

97
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs

98
Q

consolidation

A

when lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged

99
Q

aspiration pneumonias

A

pneumonias caused by the inhalation of substances such as food, vomitus, or liquids

100
Q

lobar pneumonias

A

generally of bacterial origin and affects a large portion or the entire lobe of a lung; a primary pneumonia

101
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

caused by a wider variety of organisms and is centered in the bronchi and surrounding alveoli; secondary pneumonia

102
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

A

type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS

103
Q

opportunistic

A

when an organism becomes infectious once the immune system begins to fail

104
Q

mucopurulent sputum

A

coughing up sputum containing white blood cells

105
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient

106
Q

systemic infections

A

major infections that affect the entire body

107
Q

sepsis

A

major infections that affect the blood

108
Q

edema

A

when the alveoli fill with fluid

109
Q

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)

A

a form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers

110
Q

surfactant

A

a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open

111
Q

nares

A

flaring of the nostrils

112
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

113
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer)

A

a malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree

114
Q

abnormal breath sounds

A

abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds

115
Q

crackle (abnormal breath sounds)

A

intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale

116
Q

rhonchus (abnormal breath sounds)

A

continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring

117
Q

stridor (abnormal breath sounds)

A

high-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

118
Q

wheeze (abnormal breath sounds)

A

whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

119
Q

acidosis

A

excessive acidity of body fluids

120
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell

121
Q

apnea

A

disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenating, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea

122
Q

central (CSA)

A

a form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing

123
Q

obstructive (CSA)

A

most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs

124
Q

mixed (apnea)

A

type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously

125
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

126
Q

coryza

A

acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis

127
Q

croup

A

common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs

128
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas

129
Q

deviated nasal septum

A

displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleeds

130
Q

epiglottitis

A

sever, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years

131
Q

epistaxis

A

nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed

132
Q

hypoxemia

A

oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

133
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

134
Q

influenza

A

acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu

135
Q

pertussis

A

acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound; also called whooping cough

136
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

137
Q

empyema

A

exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax

138
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of thoracic surgery

139
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis

140
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

141
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body

142
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less that age 12 months; also called crib death

143
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue and night sweats

144
Q

Mantoux test

A

tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis

145
Q

oximetry

A

noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry

146
Q

polysomnography

A

test of sleep cycles and stages using electroencephalograms (EEGs), which are continuous recordings of brain waves, as well as electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera

147
Q

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments

148
Q

spirometry (PFT)

A

PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs

149
Q

bronchoscopy

A

visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor

150
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

151
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

152
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

153
Q

sputum culture

A

microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias

154
Q

sweat test

A

measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

155
Q

throat culture

A

test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci

156
Q

chest x-ray (CXR)

A

radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax

157
Q

computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

A

minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries

158
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan

A

nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs; also called V-Q lung scan

159
Q

pleurectomy

A

excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

160
Q

pneumonectomy

A

excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer

161
Q

septoplasty

A

surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

162
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis

163
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

164
Q

aerosol therapy

A

lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways

165
Q

antral lavage

A

washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressant patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management

166
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open stay

167
Q

postural drainage

A

method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier

168
Q

antibiotics

A

destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes

169
Q

antihistamines

A

block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues

170
Q

antitussives

A

relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain

171
Q

bronchodilators

A

stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow

172
Q

corticosteroids

A

act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

173
Q

decongestants

A

constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways

174
Q

expectorants

A

liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes

175
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas(es)

176
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

177
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

178
Q

CF

A

cystic fibrosis

179
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

180
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

181
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

182
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

183
Q

CTPA

A

computed tomography pulmonary angiography

184
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray, chest radiograph

185
Q

DPI

A

dry powder inhaler

186
Q

DPT

A

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

187
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

188
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

189
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

190
Q

HMD

A

hyaline membrane disease

191
Q

MDI

A

metered-dose inhaler

192
Q

NMT

A

nebulized mist treatment

193
Q

O2

A

oxygen

194
Q

OSA

A

obstructive sleep apnea

195
Q

Pco2

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

196
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician

197
Q

PFT

A

pulmonary function test

198
Q

pH

A

degree of acidity or alkalinity

199
Q

Po2

A

partial pressure of oxygen

200
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivative

201
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

202
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

203
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

204
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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