Chapter 7 Flashcards
respiratory system (function)
responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
ventilation
breathing; the transportation of oxygen-enriched air from the atmosphere to the lungs and the elimination of carbon dioxide waste from the lungs to the atmosphere
homeostasis
maintenance of a stable internal environment of the body
carbon dioxide (CO2)
tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
cartilage
tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cilia
minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell
diffuse
to move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
oxygen (O2)
tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
serous membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
nasal cavity
a chamber lined with mucous membranes and cilia; the air is filtered, heated, and moistened to prepare if for its journey to the lungs
nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into a right and left; made of cartilage
olfactory neurons
receptors for the sense of smell; covered in a layer of mucus and located high in they nasal cavity
pharynx
throat; passageway for food and air
nasopharynx
posterior to the nose
oropharynx
posterior to the mouth
laryngopharynx
superior to the larynx
adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
collections of lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx
palatine tonsils (tonsils)
protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route; located in the oropharynx
larynx (voice box)
contains the structures that make vocal sounds possible
epiglottis
a leaf-shaped structure on top of the larynx that seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing
trachea (windpipe)
composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage which provides rigidity to keep the air passage open; divides into two branches called bronchi
bronchi
split off of trachea and lead to each lung (right and left)
mucous membrane (mucosa)
makes up the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi and is embedded with cilia
bronchioles
smaller branches of the bronchus
alveoli
tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles that expand and contract with inflow and outflow of air
pulmonary capillaries
carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs and brings oxygenated blood out of the lungs (carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolar spaces and oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli)
mediastinum
the space between the right and left lungs; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi
pleura
covers the loves of the lungs and fold over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
the membrane lying closest to the lung
parietal pleura
the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
the space between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the membranes
diaphragm
a large muscular partition that assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differentiation for ventilation
inspiration
the pressure decreases in the chest and draws air into the lungs
expiration
the pressure increases in the chest and air leaves the lungs
pulmonary respiration (general)
the process by which O2 is taken from the air and carried to body cells for their use, and CO2 and water, the waste products generated by these cells, are carried to the lungs and returned to the environment
pulmonary ventilation
a largely involuntary action the moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
external respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
transport of respiratory gases
the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system
internal respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
adenoid/o
adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi/o
bronchus
bronch/o
bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o
air; lung
pneumon/o
air; lung
pulmon/o
lung
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
lob/o
lobe
orth/o
straight
ox/o
oxygen (O2)
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
spir/o
breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide (CO2)
-osmia
smell
-phonia
voice
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-thorax
chest
brady-
slow
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
eu-
good, normal
tachy-
rapid
pulmonology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system
pulmonologist
the physician who treats disorders of the respiratory system
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
3 major disorders of COPD
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
bronchospams
spasms in the bronchial passages produced by asthma
paroxysmal
sudden and violent
productive cough
coughing episodes that produce large amounts of mucus
exacerbations
flare-ups
at risk, mild COPD
- minor difficulty with airflow
- possible pretense of chronic cough with sputum production
- patient possibly unaware of disease
moderate COPD
- apparent limitation in airflow
- possible shortness of breath
- patient possibly seeking medical intervention at this level
severe COPD
- inadequate airflow
- increase in shortness of breath with activity
- patient experiencing diminished quality of life
very severe COPD
- severe airflow limitations
- significant impairment in quality of life
- possible life-threatening exacerbations
- possible development of complications, such as respiratory or heart failure
chronic bronchitis
an inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution
emphysema
characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli
dilate
expand
orthopnea
breathing while being erect
pneumonia
inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs
consolidation
when lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged
aspiration pneumonias
pneumonias caused by the inhalation of substances such as food, vomitus, or liquids
lobar pneumonias
generally of bacterial origin and affects a large portion or the entire lobe of a lung; a primary pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
caused by a wider variety of organisms and is centered in the bronchi and surrounding alveoli; secondary pneumonia
pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS
opportunistic
when an organism becomes infectious once the immune system begins to fail
mucopurulent sputum
coughing up sputum containing white blood cells
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient
systemic infections
major infections that affect the entire body
sepsis
major infections that affect the blood
edema
when the alveoli fill with fluid
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
a form of respiratory distress syndrome seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers
surfactant
a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open
nares
flaring of the nostrils
tachypnea
rapid breathing
bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer)
a malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree
abnormal breath sounds
abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds
crackle (abnormal breath sounds)
intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale
rhonchus (abnormal breath sounds)
continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring
stridor (abnormal breath sounds)
high-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
wheeze (abnormal breath sounds)
whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids
anosmia
absence of the sense of smell
apnea
disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenating, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air; also called sleep apnea
central (CSA)
a form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing
obstructive (CSA)
most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs
mixed (apnea)
type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously
atelectasis
collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung
coryza
acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis
croup
common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs
cystic fibrosis (CF)
life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas
deviated nasal septum
displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleeds
epiglottitis
sever, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years
epistaxis
nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis
influenza
acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu
pertussis
acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound; also called whooping cough
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
empyema
exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of thoracic surgery
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis
pulmonary edema
accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary embolism
blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less that age 12 months; also called crib death
tuberculosis (TB)
potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue and night sweats
Mantoux test
tuberculosis screening test in which an injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) is placed just beneath the surface of the skin to identify a previous exposure to tuberculosis
oximetry
noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry
polysomnography
test of sleep cycles and stages using electroencephalograms (EEGs), which are continuous recordings of brain waves, as well as electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments
spirometry (PFT)
PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
arterial blood gas (ABG)
test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
sputum culture
microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
sweat test
measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
throat culture
test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic test that aids in identifying lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax
computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries
ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan
nuclear test scan that evaluates airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs; also called V-Q lung scan
pleurectomy
excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer
septoplasty
surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
thoracentesis
surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
tracheostomy
surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
aerosol therapy
lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways
antral lavage
washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressant patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management
endotracheal intubation
procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open stay
postural drainage
method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs to make breathing easier
antibiotics
destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes
antihistamines
block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
antitussives
relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
bronchodilators
stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow
corticosteroids
act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
decongestants
constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
expectorants
liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
ABG
arterial blood gas(es)
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CT
computed tomography
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
CXR
chest x-ray, chest radiograph
DPI
dry powder inhaler
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
EEG
electroencephalogram
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
NMT
nebulized mist treatment
O2
oxygen
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
Pco2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician
PFT
pulmonary function test
pH
degree of acidity or alkalinity
Po2
partial pressure of oxygen
PPD
purified protein derivative
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
