Chapter 15 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
afferent
A
carry or move inward or toward a central structure
2
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue
3
Q
efferent
A
carry or move away from a central structure
4
Q
limbic system
A
complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory
5
Q
neurilemma
A
additional external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system; allows for neuron regeneration after injury
6
Q
ventricle
A
organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid
7
Q
neurons
A
transmit impulses
8
Q
cell body (neurons)
A
the enlarged structure of the neuron that contains the nucleus and various organelles
9
Q
dendrites (neurons)
A
cytoplasmic projections that carry impulses to the cell body
10
Q
axons (neurons)
A
cytoplasmic projections that carry impulses away from the cell body
11
Q
myelin sheath
A
white, lipoid covering that acts as an electrical insulator that reduces the possibility of an impulse stimulating adjacent nerves and accelerates impulse transmission along the axon
12
Q
Schwann cell (neurons)
A
neuroglial cell that forms the myelin sheath on nerves of the peripheral nervous system
13
Q
nodes of Ranvier (neurons)
A
unmyelinated spaces between adjacent segments of the myelin sheath that help speed the transmission of impulses down the axon
14
Q
synapse (neurons)
A
functional connection gap or space between two neurons or between a neuron and its effector organ (muscle or gland)
15
Q
axon terminal (neurons)
A
send impulses to the dendrites of the next neuron
16
Q
neurotransmitter (neurons)
A
chemical substance released off the end of an axon when impulse is within the transmitting axon
17
Q
neuroglia
A
cells that support neurons and bind them to they neurons and tissues in the body
18
Q
astrocytes (neuroglia)
A
star-shaped neuroglia that make up the blood-brain barrier, form three-dimensional support for neurons, and form tight sheaths around the capillaries of the brain
19
Q
oligodendrocytes (neuroglia)
A
responsible for developing myelin on the axis of neurons in the central nervous system
20
Q
microalgia (neuroglia)
A
smallest of the neuroglia, possess phagocytic properties and become very active during times of infection
21
Q
ependyma (neuroglia)
A
ciliated cells that line fluid-filled cavities of the central nervous system; assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
22
Q
brain (function)
A
center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions
23
Q
spinal cord (function)
A
main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body
24
Q
cranial nerves (function)
A
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base if the skull and may act in a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both
25
spinal nerves (function)
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in motor and sensory capacities
26
central nervous system (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord
27
white matter
made up of bundles of axons and their white lipoid myelin sheaths
28
gray matter
made up of unmyelinated fibers, dendrites, and nerve cell bodies
29
cerebrum (brain)
the largest, uppermost portion of the brain responsible for sensory reception and interpretation, language, voluntary movement, and memory
30
corpus callosum (cerebrum)
joins hemispheres of the the cerebrum permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain
31
hemisphere lobes (cerebrum)
1) frontal
2) parietal
3) temporal
4) occipital
5) insula
32
gyri
folds, or convolutions, of the cerebral surface
33
sulci
furrows, or fissures, that separate the gyri
34
cerebral cortex
thin layer that covers the entire cerebrum, is composed of gray matter, and processes most information in the cerebrum
35
cerebellum (brain)
second largest structure of the brain that is responsible for movement, posture, or balance
36
diencephalon/interbrain (brain)
composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
37
thalamus (interbrain)
receives all sensory stimuli except olfactory stimuli and processes and transmits them to the appropriate center in the cerebral cortex
38
hypothalamus (interbrain)
regulated involuntary activities as well as many endocrine functions
39
brainstem (brain)
acts as the pathway for impulse conduction between the brain and spinal cord; made up of the midbrain, medulla, and the pons
40
mesencephalon/midbrain (brainstem)
separates the cerebrum from the brainstem
41
medulla (brainstem)
attaches to the spinal cord
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pons (brainstem)
connecting the midbrain to the medulla
43
spinal cord
transmits sensory impulses form the body to the brain and motor impulses from the brain for the muscles and organs of the body
44
meninges
provide limited protection for the brain and spinal cord; 3 types of
45
dura matter/pachymeninges (meninges)
the outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord; tough, fibrous, dense, and composed primarily of connective tissue
46
subdural space (dura matter)
cavity beneath the dura matter which is filled with serous fluid
47
arachnoid (meninges)
the middle covering which has a spider-web appearance
48
subarachnoid space (arachnoid)
cavity underneath the arachnoid layer which contains cerebrospinal fluid
49
cerebrospinal fluid (arachnoid)
fluid that circulates around the spinal cord and brain that provides nutritive substances and acts as a shock absorber
50
pia matter (meninges)
innermost layer which directly adheres to the brain and spinal cord which contains numerous blood vessels and lymphatics that nourish underlying tissues
51
leptomeninges
made up of the arachnoid and pia matter
52
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
composed of all nervous tissue located outside the skiable column and skull
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somatic nervous system (PNS)
made up of motor nerves that influence voluntary muscles; is made up of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
54
automatic nervous system (PNS)
made up of motor nerves that influence involuntary muscles, glands, and heart muscle
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cranial nerves (somatic nervous system)
made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves (sensory, motor, or a mixture of both types of neurons)
56
sensory (afferent) nerves
receive impulses from the sense organs, to e environment, and the visceral organs and transmit them to the CNS
57
motor (efferent) nerves
conduct impulse from the CNS to muscles and glands
58
mixed nerves
composed of sensory and motor neurons
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spinal nerves (somatic nervous system)
made up of 31 pairs of mixed nerve; have an anterior root (motor fibers) and posterior root (sensory fibers)
60
automatic nervous system (PNS)
consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to regulate the automatic functions of the body
61
cerebr/o
cerebrum
62
crani/o
cranium (skull)
63
encephal/o
brain
64
gangli/o
ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)
65
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
66
kinesi/o
movement
67
lept/o
thin, slender
68
lex/o
word, phrase
69
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
70
meningi/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
71
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
72
narc/o
stupor; numbness; sleep
73
neur/o
nerve
74
radicul/o
nerve root
75
sthen/o
strength
76
thalam/o
thalamus
77
thec/o
sheath (usually referring to the meninges)
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ton/o
tension
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ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
80
-algesia
pain
81
-algia
pain
82
-asthenia
weakness, debility
83
-esthesia
feeling
84
-kinesia
movement
85
-lepsy
seizure
86
-paresis
partial paralysis
87
-phasia
speech
88
-plegia
paralysis
89
-taxia
order, coordination
90
pachy-
thick
91
para-
near, beside; beyond
92
syn-
union, together, joined
93
neurology
the branch of medicine concerned with neurological diseases
94
neurologist
the physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders
95
psychiatry
the branch of medicine concerned with mental illnesses
96
psychiatrist
the physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illnesses
97
cerebrovascular disease
a group of disorders affecting the vessels that supply blood to the brain
98
- stroke
- cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- “brain attack”
medical emergency in which brain tissue begins to die when denied oxygen
99
ischemic stroke
similar to a heart attack and includes emboli, thrombi, and atherosclerosis that limited blood flow to brain tissue
100
intracerebral hemorrhage
sudden rupture of an artery within the brain; released blood compresses brain structures and destroys them
101
subarachnoid hemorrhage
blood is released into the space between the brain and the tissue that surround the brain; typically caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal
102
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a type of stroke in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours and do not cause permanent damage; they are oferten a precursor to a full-blown stroke
103
seizure disorders
any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
104
epileptic seizures
have no know cause, are chronic, and occur repeatedly
105
nonepileptic seizures
triggered by disorders or conditions that irritate the brain
106
partial seizures
only a portion of the brain is involved
107
generalized seizure
the entire brain is involved in
108
tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
the body alternates between excessive muscle tone and rigidity (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic) in the extremities
109
postictal event
symptoms after a seizure
110
aura
a warning signal of an imminent seizure
111
multiple sclerosis (MS)
an autoimmune disease that targets the myelin sheath in the nerves of the central nervous system causing inflammation, sclerosing, and demyelination
112
mental illness
an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking
113
clinical psychologist
an individual trained in evaluating human behavior, intelligence, and personality
114
affective disorder
psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression
115
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming defuse to remain thin
116
anxiety
psychological “worry” dispenser characterized by excessive pondering or thinking “what if…”
117
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
disorder affecting children and adults and characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task
118
autism
developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
119
bipolar disorder
mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, and the ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness
120
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or use of laxatives)
121
depression
mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement and, commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal
122
mania
mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood
123
neurosis
nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
124
panic attack
sudden, intense feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
125
psychosis
major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life
126
primary intracranial tumors
intracranial tumors that originate directly in brain tissue
127
papilledema
swelling of the optic disc in the back of the eyeball
128
agnosia
inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact
129
Alzheimer disease (AD)
types of age-associated dementia caused by small lesions called plaques that develop in the cerebral cortex and interrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells; also called cerebral degeneration
130
anencephaly
congenital deformity in which some or all of the fetal brain is missing
131
closed head trauma
injury to the head in which the dura matter remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
132
coma
abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli
133
concussion
traumatic injury to the brain that causes unconsciousness and is commonly of a temporary nature
134
convulsion
any sudden or violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles that is commonly associated with such brain disorders as epilepsy
135
dementia
broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
136
dyslexia
inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure to
137
Guillain-Barré syndrome
autoimmune condition and causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves damaging their myelin sheaths, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness; also called infective or idiopathic polyneuritis
138
herpes zoster
acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called shingles
139
Huntington chorea
CNS disorder characterized by quick, low involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration; also called neurodegenerative genetic disorder
140
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
141
lethargy
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
142
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic, progressive disorder in which a loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscle weakness
143
spina bifida
congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord), which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect
144
meningocele
form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
145
myelomeningocele
most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
146
occulta
form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed, and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
147
palsy
paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
148
Bell palsy
facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve; also called facial nerve palsy
149
cerebral palsy (CP)
type off paralysis that affects movement and muscle coordination and may affect gross and fine motor skills
150
paralysis
loss of voluntary motion in one of more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
151
paresthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
152
Parkinson disease
degenerative disorder in which the progressive loss of brain vela leads to impairment in motor function, including tremors, muscular rigidity, and a slowing of movement; also called paralysis agitans or shaking palsy
153
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
154
radiculopathy
disorder affecting one of more nerves at the location where the nerve root exits the spine and commonly the result of a herniated or compressed disk, degenerative changes, arthritis, or bone source; also called radiculitis
155
Reye syndrome
potentially fatal syndrome that commonly causes brain swelling and liver damage and is characterized by confusion, hyperventilation, violent behavior, seizures, and possibly coma; also called acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver failure
156
syncope
braid lots of conspiracies and postures caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting
157
electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
158
electromyography (EMG)
recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage
159
lumbar puncture (LP)
needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also canned spinal puncture and spinal tap
160
nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
161
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
laboratory test to examine a sample of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that helps diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infection, tumors, and hemorrhage
162
computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT angiography)
radiographic image of the interior of a vessel in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional images of blood vessels
163
discography
CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots
164
echoencephalography
ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
165
magnetic source imaging (MSI)
noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originated and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography (MEG)
166
myelography
radiographic examination to detect parking off the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium
167
positron emission tomography (PET)
computed tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produced a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity if body tissues to determine the presence of disease
168
cryosurgery
technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
169
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tennis in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances
170
tractotomy
transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
171
trephination
technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
172
ventriculoperitoneal shunting
relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
173
intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
treatment for ischemic stroke using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a potent clot-busting drug, injected directly into a vein
174
plasmapheresis
extracorporeal procedure to treat patients with autoimmune disease by removing their plasma containing the offending antibodies and replacing it with donor plasma or plasma substitutes
175
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
procedure that uses three-dimensional imaging (stereotactic) along with high doses of highly focused radiation to destroy tumors and organs abnormal growths of the brain, spinal column, and other body sites with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue
176
anesthetics
produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
177
general anesthetics
act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
178
local anesthetics
act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect only a local area
179
nerve block anesthetics
blocks pain from the area supplied by that nerve
180
anticonvulsants
prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics
181
antiparkisonian agents
control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain
182
Psychiatric antianxiety agents
react at distinct receptor sites in the limbic and cortical system to decrease anxiety
183
antipsychotics
treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system, which controls emotions
184
antidepressants
treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
185
hypnotics
depress central nervous system (CNS) functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
186
psychostimulants
reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters
187
AD
Alzheimer disease
188
AChR
acetylcholine receptor
189
ADHD
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
190
CNS
central nervous system
191
CP
cerebral palsy
192
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
193
CT
computed tomography
194
CTA
computed tomography angiography
195
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
196
EEG
electroencephalography
197
EMG
electromyography
198
ICP
intracranial pressure
199
IV
intravenous
200
LP
lumbar puncture
201
MEG
magnetoencephalography
202
MG
myasthenia gravis
203
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
204
MS
multiple sclerosis; mental status; musculoskeletal; mitral stenosis
205
MSI
magnetic source imaging
206
NCV
nerve conduction velocity
207
PET
positron emission tomography
208
PNS
peripheral nervous system
209
SRS
stereotactic radiosurgery
210
TIA
transient ischemic attack
211
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
