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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

antibody

A

protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen

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2
Q

antigen

A

substance, recognized as harful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

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3
Q

bile pigment

A

substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

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4
Q

cytokine

A

chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases in other cells; acts as a messenger between B and T cells

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5
Q

dendritic cell

A

specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surfaces and presents them to components of the immune system

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6
Q

immunocompetent

A

possessing the ability to develop an immune response

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7
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out

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8
Q

blood

A

connective tissue composed of a liquid medium called plasma in which solid components are suspended; including:

1) red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2) white blood cells (leukocytes)
3) platelets (thrombocytes)

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9
Q

locations for blood cell formation

A

skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones in the arms and legs

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10
Q

hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

the development of blood cells into their mature forms

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11
Q

red blood cells (RBCs)

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and are the most numerous of the circulating blood cells

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12
Q

erythropoiesis

A

the development of red blood cells into their mature forms; includes:

1) decrease in size
2) extrusion of their nuclei
3) develop hemoglobin

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13
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)

A

gives RBCs their red color; carries oxygen to body tissues and exchanges if for carbon dioxide; breaks down into hemosiderin and several bile pigments

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14
Q

white blood cells (WBCs)

A

protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process

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15
Q

phagocytosis

A

WBCs ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

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16
Q

diapedesis

A

the migration of WBCs through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules into tissue spaces

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17
Q

granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNLs, polys)

A

type of WBC with granules in its cytoplasm; further classified as:

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils

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18
Q

agranulocytes (mononuclear lymphocytes, MNLs)

A

type of WBC without granules in its cytoplasm; further classified as:

1) lymphocytes
2) Monocytes

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19
Q

neutrophil

A

polymorphonuclear; lilac granules; first cells to arrive at a site of injury, provides nonspecific protection by phagocytes, and dies as a result of phagocytosis

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20
Q

eosinophil

A

polymorphonuclear; red granules; combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations), and controls mechanisms associated with allergies

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21
Q

basophil

A

polymorphonuclear; purple granules; initiates inflammation

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22
Q

lymphocytes

A

mononuclear; agranular; provides aquired (specific) immunity; two types:

1) B cells
2) T cells

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23
Q

monocytes

A

mononuclear; agranular; performs mildily phagocytic function, and becomes a macrophage (think phagocyte) when it enters tissues and functions in immunity as an antigen-presenting cells (APC)

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24
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

smallest formed elements found in blood; cell fragments; initiate blood clotting when they encounter vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized

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25
Q

thromboplastin

A

a substance released by clotting factors in platelets and injured tissues that initiate clot formation

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26
Q

fibronogen

A

a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands to trap blood cells during coagulation

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27
Q

thrombus (blood clot)

A

the jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin that impedes blood flow to the surrounding tissues

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28
Q

hemostasis

A

the impedement of blood flow into surrounding tissues

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29
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended; constantly leaks out of cells to deliver its products to the surrounding cells and exchanges them for waste materials produced by body cells which makes cellular communication possible; composed of:

  • 92% water
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen (plasma proteins)
  • clotting factors
  • gases
  • nurtients
  • salt
  • hormones
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30
Q

blood serum

A

a product of blood plasma which is formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma

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31
Q

blood types

A

1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O

RBCs carries antigen specified by type, plasma carries opposite antibodies

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32
Q

lymph

A

fluid of the lymphatic system that contains lymphocytes and monocytes, a network of tranporting vessels called lymph vessels, and a multiplicity of other structures, including nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils

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33
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • maintaining fluid balance of the body by draining intersitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood
  • transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues
  • filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes
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34
Q

intersitial (tissue fluid) fluid

A

the remaining fluid after plasma seeps from blood capillaries and enters surrounding tissues; contains slightly less protein than plasma

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35
Q

lymph capillaries

A

after the intersitial fluid collects cellular debris, bacteria, and particulate matter, it enters lymph capillaries to become lymph

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36
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

the point at which lymph vessels from the right chest and arm enter

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37
Q

right subclavian vein

A

a major vessel in the cardiovascular system that the right lymphatic duct drains into

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38
Q

thoracic duct

A

the point at which lymph from all areas of the body (besides the right chest and arm) enter

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39
Q

left subclavian vein

A

a major vessel in the cardiovascular system that the throacic duct drains into

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40
Q

spleen

A

acts as a lymph node (filters by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents), but also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells

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41
Q

thymus

A

located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum); partially coontrols the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system

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42
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx; they act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens

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43
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing organisms

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44
Q

innaten (nonspecific) immunity

A

includes barriers designed to keep pathogens from gaining entry into the body; it does not differentiate the various types of pathogens; includes:

1) first-line barriers
2) second-line barriers

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45
Q

first-line barriers

A

keep pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions

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46
Q

second-line barriers

A

stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation

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47
Q

aquired (specific) immunity

A

identifies and specifically destroys pathogens once they have gained entry; produces unique cells and processes that destroy a particular antigen

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48
Q

B cells

A

respond as the principal defense, the form of immunity that develops is humoral or antibody immunity

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49
Q

T cells

A

respond as the main defense system, the form of immunity that develops is cellular immunity

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50
Q

plasma cells

A

create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molucules called antigen-antibody complexes that lead to the destruction of the antigen by the immune system

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51
Q

memory B cells

A

retreat to lymphatic system and remain prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen

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52
Q

cytotoxic T (CD8) cells

A

determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it

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53
Q

helper T (CD4) cells

A
  • provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity
  • produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system
  • require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system
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54
Q

supressor T cells

A

monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves

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55
Q

memory T cells

A

migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear

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56
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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57
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, gluing

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58
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic cells

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59
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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60
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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61
Q

granul/o

A

granule

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62
Q

hem/o (1 of 2)

A

blood

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63
Q

hemat/o (1 of 2)

A

blood

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64
Q

immun/o

A

immune, immunity, safe

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65
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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66
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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67
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph gland (node)

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68
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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69
Q

morph/o

A

form, shape, structure

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70
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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71
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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72
Q

phag/o

A

swallowing, eating

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73
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

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74
Q

ser/o

A

serum

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75
Q

sider/o

A

iron

76
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

77
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

78
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

79
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

80
Q

-globin

A

protein

81
Q

-penia

A

decrease, deficiency

82
Q

-phil

A

attraction for

83
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

84
Q

-poiesis

A

formation, production

85
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

86
Q

aniso-

A

unequal, dissimilar

87
Q

hypersensitivities

A

abnormally heightened immune responses

88
Q

immunodeficiencies (immune deficiencies)

A

abnormally depressed immune responses

89
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when the immune system fails to accurately differentiate foreign antigens from the body’s own antigens found on cells and tissues and begins its destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual; diseases include:

1) rheumatoid arthritis
2) systemic lupus erythematosus
3) multiple sclerosis
4) myasthenia gravis
5) vasculitis
6) various thyroid disorders

90
Q

hematology

A

the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

91
Q

hematologist

A

the physician that specializes in the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

92
Q

allergy and immunology

A

the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system

93
Q

allergists and immunologists

A

physicians who specialize in the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system

94
Q

anemia (erythropenia, erythrocytopenia)

A

a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells (hypochromia)

95
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a hereditary anemia that primarily affects individuals of African ancestry that results from a defective hemoglobin molecule that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes; folic acid is commonly recommended to be helpful in controling the disease

96
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

97
Q

sickle cell crisis

A

severe pain that occurs when tissue distal to a blockage (caused by sickle cells) undergoes ischemia

98
Q

aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia

A

a serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia; it is commonly caused by some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents

99
Q

folic-acid deficiency anemia

A

the inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for eythropoiesis; it is caused by insifficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)

100
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

the destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice; it is associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions

101
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

a lack of sufficient iron in RBCs; it is caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

102
Q

pernicious anemia (PA)

A

a chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development; it is commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12

103
Q

allergy

A

an aquired immune response which requires an initial exposure (sensitization) to an allergen (antigen); symptoms can include:

1) hives (uticaria)
2) eczema
3) allergic rhinitis
4) asthma
5) anaphylaxis

104
Q

uticaria

A

hives

105
Q

allergy shots (immunotherapy, biotherapy)

A

these can help with an allergy response to pollens, pet dander, molds, dust mites, and venom (but not foods) by causing your body to treat the injection like a vaccine so that the body produces antibodies against the allergen

106
Q

autoantigens

A

antigens found on cells and tissues of one’s body

107
Q

blood cancers

A

the major types of blood cancers include:

1) myelomas - affect a single type of bone marrow cell
2) lymphomas - arise in the lymphatic system
3) leukemias - affect blood and bone marrow

108
Q

leukemia

A

an oncological disorder of blood and blood-forming organs and is characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells; the body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with immature, nonfucntional cells (leading to anemias, infections, and bleeding disorders)

109
Q

acute leukemia

A

the disease has a sudden onset and blood cells are highly embyronic (blastic) with few mature forms; severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease

110
Q

chronic leukemia

A

signs and symptoms are slow to develop because there are usually enough mature cells to carry on the functions of the various cell types

111
Q

aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opprotunistic infections)

112
Q

coagulation disorders

A

any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding

113
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs

114
Q

hemophilia

A

congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting favor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder’s disease

115
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

116
Q

graft rejection

A

process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as “foreign” and attacks or destroys it

117
Q

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, commonly severely enough to cause death

118
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease

119
Q

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called alignant neoplasm of soft tissue

120
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling, in primarily a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

121
Q

lymphoma

A

any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

122
Q

Hodgkin (HL) lymphoma

A

malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease

123
Q

non-Hodgkin (NHL) lymphoma

A

any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells

124
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue

125
Q

sepsis

A

presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

126
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin

127
Q

thrombocythemia

A

overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations

128
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA)

A

test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies)

129
Q

blood culture

A

test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

130
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and differential counts; also called hemogram

131
Q

monospot

A

nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infetion by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis

132
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

133
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time

134
Q

bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma

135
Q

lymphangiography

A

visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system

136
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

137
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle

138
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant

139
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures indertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer

140
Q

sentinel node excision

A

removal of the first node (sentinel node) that received drainage from the cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

141
Q

immunotherapy

A

any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body’s own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy

142
Q

immunoglobulin (IG) therapy

A

treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes

143
Q

plasmapheresis

A

dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient’s plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of the donor

144
Q

transfusion

A

infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)

145
Q

anticoagulants

A

prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis

146
Q

antifibrinolytics

A

neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots

147
Q

antimicrobials

A

destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle

148
Q

antiretrovirals

A

prevent replication of viruses within host cells

149
Q

immunosuppressants

A

decrease inflammation by suppressing the body’s natural immune response

150
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

151
Q

AB, Ab, ab

A

antibody, abortion

152
Q

A, B, AB, O

A

blood types in ABO blood group

153
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

154
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

155
Q

APC

A

antigen-presenting cell

156
Q

APTT

A

activated partial thromboplastin time

157
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

158
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

159
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

160
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

161
Q

diff

A

differential count (white blood cells)

162
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

163
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

164
Q

GVHD

A

graft-versus-host disease

165
Q

Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

166
Q

HHV-8

A

human herpes virus 8

167
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

168
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

169
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

170
Q

IVIG

A

intravenous immunoglobulin

171
Q

KS

A

Kaposi sarcoma

172
Q

MNL

A

mononuclear leukocytes

173
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

174
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

175
Q

NK cell

A

natural killer cell

176
Q

O2

A

oxygen

177
Q

PA

A

pernicious anemia

178
Q

PCP

A

pneumocytosis pneumonia; primary care physician

179
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear

180
Q

PMNL, poly

A

poymorphonuclear leukocyte

181
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time, physical therpay

182
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

183
Q

RA

A

right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

184
Q

RBC, rbc

A

red blood cell

185
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

186
Q

WBC, wbc

A

white blood cell

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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