Chapter 4 Flashcards
chromatin
structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
chromosome
threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
metabolism
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
organelle
cellular structure that provides a specialized function
Level of Organization
1) cells
2) tissues
3) organs
4) organ systems
5) organism
cell
smallest structure and functional unit of life
cytology
the study of the body at a cellular level
cell membrane
acts as a barrier that supports and protect the intracellular contents
nucleus
responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
tissue
composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions
histology
the study of tissues
epithelial tissue
covers surface of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)
connective tissue
supports and connects other body tissues
muscle tissue
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
nervous tissue
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
organs
body structures that perform specialized functions
organ systems
composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
organism
the highest level of organization
Anatomical Position
person stands erect, facing forward, and the arms are at the sides of the body, with the palms of the hands turned forward and feet parallel to each another
body planes
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
coronal plane
divides body into an anterior and posterior section
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into top and bottom sections
midsagittal plane
dividing body into left and right halves
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
AP
anteroposterior
Bx, bx
biopsy
CBC
complete blood count
CT
computed tomography
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Dx
diagnosis
I&D
incision and drainage
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
PET
positron emission tomography
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
Sx
symptom
Tx
treatment
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
abduction
movement away from the midsagittal plane of the body or one of its parts
adduction
movement toward the midsagittal plane of the body
medial
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
lateral
pertaining to a side
superior (cephalad)
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
inferior (caudal)
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
distal
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
visceral
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
prone
lying on the abdomen, face down
supine
lying horizontally on the back, face up
inversion
turning inward or inside out
eversion
turning outward
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
superficial
toward the surface of the body (external)
deep
away from the surface of the body (internal)
Body Cavities
spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs
dorsal (posterior) cavity
located on the back of the body
ventral (anterior) cavity
located on the front of the body
cranial cavity (dorsal)
formed by the skull; contains the brain
spinal cavity (dorsal)
formed by the backbone (spine); contains spinal cord
meninges
membranes that line dorsal cavities and covers the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity (ventral)
located above the diaphragm; contains the lungs and heart
abdominopelvic cavity (ventral)
abdominal + pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity (abdominopelvic)
superior to pelvic cavity; contains liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
pelvic cavity (abdominopelvic)
inferior to abdominal cavity; contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs
abdominopelvic quadrants
used to describe pain, lesions, abrasions, punctures, burns, and incision sites (used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting); RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
abdominopelvic regions
used to identify location of underlying body structures and visceral organs (used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting)
right hypochondriac (region)
upper right lateral region beneath ribs
epigastric (region)
upper middle region
left hypochondriac (region)
upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
right lumbar (region)
middle right lateral region
umbilical (region)
region of the navel
left lumbar (region)
middle left lateral region
right inguinal/iliac (region)
lower right lateral region
hypogastric (region)
lower middle region
left inguinal/iliac (region)
lower left lateral region
vertebrae
the 26 irregular bones that form the spine
cervical
neck
thoracic
chest
lumbar
pertaining to the loin
sacral
pertaining to the lower back
coccyx
tailbone
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
kary/o
nucleus
nucle/o
nucleus
anter/o
anterior, front
caud/o
tail
cephal/o
head
dist/o
far, farthest
dors/o
back (of body)
infer/o
lower, below
later/o
side, to one side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
proxim/o
near, nearest
ventr/o
belly, belly side
albin/o
white
leuk/o
white
chrom/o
color
cirrh/o
yellow
jaund/o
yellow
xanth/o
yellow
cyan/o
blue
erythr/o
red
melan/o
black
poli/o
gray; gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
tom/o
to cut
viscer/o
internal organs
disease
homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
signs
objective indicators that are observable
symptom
subjective indicator of disease
diagnosis
cause or nature of a disease
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
idiopathic disease
Cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
Types of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
1) clinical
2) surgical
3) endoscopic
4) laboratory
5) imaging
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated (may occur as a result of surgery)
edema
abnormal condition of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of a systematic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site
febrile
having or showing symptoms of a fever
gangrene
death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
hernia
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
inflammation
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
mycosis
any fungal infection in or on the body
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning
suppuration
process of forming pus
auscultation
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
Assessment Techniques
sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
inspection
general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
palpation
gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
percussion
tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids with the underlying structure
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
blood chemistry analysis
laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
complete blood count
broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
computed tomography
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
fluoroscopy
technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
magnetic resonance imaging
technique that used radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue
nuclear scan
technique in which radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures
positron emission tomography
computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
radiography
technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
single-photon emission computed tomography
radiological technique that integrates CT and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
ultrasonography
high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
biopsy
removal of representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
excisional biopsy
biopsy in which entire lesion is removed
incisional biopsy
biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
ablation
removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
1) end-to-end
2) end-to-side
3) side-to-side
curettage
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
electrocauterization
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
incision and drainage
incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
laser surgery
use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes
revision
surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
-ice
noun ending
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
son/o
sound
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
myc/o
fungus
periton/o
peritoneum
fluor/o
luminous, fluorescent
morbid
diseased, unhealthy
crani/o
cranium (skull)
xer/o
dry
acr/o
extremity
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
somat/o
body
ECG
electrocardiography
electrocardiography
recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart
spirometry
pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs; leads to improved lung function
spirometer
helps prevent fluid build up in the lungs and measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs
