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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

chromatin

A

structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

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2
Q

chromosome

A

threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid that carries hereditary information encoded in genes

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

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4
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

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5
Q

organelle

A

cellular structure that provides a specialized function

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6
Q

Level of Organization

A

1) cells
2) tissues
3) organs
4) organ systems
5) organism

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7
Q

cell

A

smallest structure and functional unit of life

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8
Q

cytology

A

the study of the body at a cellular level

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9
Q

cell membrane

A

acts as a barrier that supports and protect the intracellular contents

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10
Q

nucleus

A

responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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11
Q

tissue

A

composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions

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12
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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13
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers surface of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

supports and connects other body tissues

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15
Q

muscle tissue

A

provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement

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16
Q

nervous tissue

A

transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body

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17
Q

organs

A

body structures that perform specialized functions

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18
Q

organ systems

A

composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions

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19
Q

organism

A

the highest level of organization

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20
Q

Anatomical Position

A

person stands erect, facing forward, and the arms are at the sides of the body, with the palms of the hands turned forward and feet parallel to each another

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21
Q

body planes

A

an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections

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22
Q

coronal plane

A

divides body into an anterior and posterior section

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23
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane

A

divides the body into top and bottom sections

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24
Q

midsagittal plane

A

dividing body into left and right halves

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25
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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26
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

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27
Q

Bx, bx

A

biopsy

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28
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

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29
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

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30
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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31
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

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32
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

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33
Q

LAT, lat

A

lateral

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34
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant

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35
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

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36
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

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37
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor; radio frequency

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38
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant

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39
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant

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40
Q

SPECT

A

single-photon emission computed tomography

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41
Q

Sx

A

symptom

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42
Q

Tx

A

treatment

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43
Q

U&L, U/L

A

upper and lower

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44
Q

US

A

ultrasound, ultrasonography

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45
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midsagittal plane of the body or one of its parts

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46
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midsagittal plane of the body

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47
Q

medial

A

pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

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48
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to a side

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49
Q

superior (cephalad)

A

toward the head or upper portion of a structure

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50
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

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51
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

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52
Q

distal

A

further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

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53
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front of the body

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54
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back of the body

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55
Q

parietal

A

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

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56
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

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57
Q

prone

A

lying on the abdomen, face down

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58
Q

supine

A

lying horizontally on the back, face up

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59
Q

inversion

A

turning inward or inside out

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60
Q

eversion

A

turning outward

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61
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm of the hand

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62
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

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63
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body (external)

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64
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body (internal)

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65
Q

Body Cavities

A

spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs

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66
Q

dorsal (posterior) cavity

A

located on the back of the body

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67
Q

ventral (anterior) cavity

A

located on the front of the body

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68
Q

cranial cavity (dorsal)

A

formed by the skull; contains the brain

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69
Q

spinal cavity (dorsal)

A

formed by the backbone (spine); contains spinal cord

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70
Q

meninges

A

membranes that line dorsal cavities and covers the brain and spinal cord

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71
Q

thoracic cavity (ventral)

A

located above the diaphragm; contains the lungs and heart

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72
Q

abdominopelvic cavity (ventral)

A

abdominal + pelvic cavities

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73
Q

abdominal cavity (abdominopelvic)

A

superior to pelvic cavity; contains liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

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74
Q

pelvic cavity (abdominopelvic)

A

inferior to abdominal cavity; contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

75
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A

used to describe pain, lesions, abrasions, punctures, burns, and incision sites (used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting); RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

76
Q

abdominopelvic regions

A

used to identify location of underlying body structures and visceral organs (used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting)

77
Q

right hypochondriac (region)

A

upper right lateral region beneath ribs

78
Q

epigastric (region)

A

upper middle region

79
Q

left hypochondriac (region)

A

upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

80
Q

right lumbar (region)

A

middle right lateral region

81
Q

umbilical (region)

A

region of the navel

82
Q

left lumbar (region)

A

middle left lateral region

83
Q

right inguinal/iliac (region)

A

lower right lateral region

84
Q

hypogastric (region)

A

lower middle region

85
Q

left inguinal/iliac (region)

A

lower left lateral region

86
Q

vertebrae

A

the 26 irregular bones that form the spine

87
Q

cervical

A

neck

88
Q

thoracic

A

chest

89
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the loin

90
Q

sacral

A

pertaining to the lower back

91
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

92
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

93
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

94
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

95
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

96
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

97
Q

caud/o

A

tail

98
Q

cephal/o

A

head

99
Q

dist/o

A

far, farthest

100
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

101
Q

infer/o

A

lower, below

102
Q

later/o

A

side, to one side

103
Q

medi/o

A

middle

104
Q

poster/o

A

back (of body), behind, posterior

105
Q

proxim/o

A

near, nearest

106
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

107
Q

albin/o

A

white

108
Q

leuk/o

A

white

109
Q

chrom/o

A

color

110
Q

cirrh/o

A

yellow

111
Q

jaund/o

A

yellow

112
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

113
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

114
Q

erythr/o

A

red

115
Q

melan/o

A

black

116
Q

poli/o

A

gray; gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)

117
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

118
Q

tom/o

A

to cut

119
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

120
Q

disease

A

homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively

121
Q

signs

A

objective indicators that are observable

122
Q

symptom

A

subjective indicator of disease

123
Q

diagnosis

A

cause or nature of a disease

124
Q

prognosis

A

prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome

125
Q

idiopathic disease

A

Cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause

126
Q

Types of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

A

1) clinical
2) surgical
3) endoscopic
4) laboratory
5) imaging

127
Q

adhesion

A

abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated (may occur as a result of surgery)

128
Q

edema

A

abnormal condition of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of a systematic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site

129
Q

febrile

A

having or showing symptoms of a fever

130
Q

gangrene

A

death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection

131
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

132
Q

inflammation

A

body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function

133
Q

mycosis

A

any fungal infection in or on the body

134
Q

perforation

A

hole that completely penetrates a structure

135
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi

136
Q

rupture

A

sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

137
Q

septicemia

A

severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning

138
Q

suppuration

A

process of forming pus

139
Q

auscultation

A

listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

140
Q

Assessment Techniques

A

sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient

141
Q

inspection

A

general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

142
Q

palpation

A

gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

143
Q

percussion

A

tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids with the underlying structure

144
Q

endoscopy

A

visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

145
Q

blood chemistry analysis

A

laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions

146
Q

complete blood count

A

broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases

147
Q

computed tomography

A

imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

148
Q

fluoroscopy

A

technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

149
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

technique that used radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue

150
Q

nuclear scan

A

technique in which radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures

151
Q

positron emission tomography

A

computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

152
Q

radiography

A

technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

153
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography

A

radiological technique that integrates CT and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

154
Q

ultrasonography

A

high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

155
Q

biopsy

A

removal of representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

156
Q

excisional biopsy

A

biopsy in which entire lesion is removed

157
Q

incisional biopsy

A

biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

158
Q

ablation

A

removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency

159
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
1) end-to-end
2) end-to-side
3) side-to-side

160
Q

curettage

A

scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)

161
Q

electrocauterization

A

use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue

162
Q

incision and drainage

A

incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity

163
Q

laser surgery

A

use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes

164
Q

revision

A

surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

165
Q

-ice

A

noun ending

166
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

167
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

168
Q

son/o

A

sound

169
Q

umbilic/o

A

umbilicus, navel

170
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

171
Q

periton/o

A

peritoneum

172
Q

fluor/o

A

luminous, fluorescent

173
Q

morbid

A

diseased, unhealthy

174
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

175
Q

xer/o

A

dry

176
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

177
Q

idi/o

A

unknown, peculiar

178
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx (tailbone)

179
Q

somat/o

A

body

180
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiography

181
Q

electrocardiography

A

recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart

182
Q

spirometry

A

pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs; leads to improved lung function

183
Q

spirometer

A

helps prevent fluid build up in the lungs and measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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