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chapter22 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between human age and microorganisms?

A

The relationship involves unique interactions with microorganisms at different life stages, influenced by immune responses and infections.

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2
Q

How do microorganisms affect different age groups?

A

Microorganisms exert diverse effects influenced by varying immune system maturity and physiological factors.

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3
Q

What role do maternal antibodies play in the immune response of neonates?

A

Neonates rely on maternal antibodies for immune protection.

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4
Q

What is immune senescence?

A

Immune senescence refers to the gradual decline of the immune system’s function in the elderly.

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5
Q

What risks do infections during pregnancy pose to fetal development?

A

Certain microorganisms can cross the placenta, leading to congenital infections and developmental abnormalities.

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6
Q

What factors contribute to microbial susceptibility in young adults?

A

Lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and social interactions influence susceptibility.

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7
Q

Why are elderly individuals more susceptible to infections?

A

Susceptibility is due to immune senescence and underlying health conditions.

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8
Q

What is the critical period for microbial transmission from mother to baby?

A

The perinatal period is a critical window for microbial transmission.

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9
Q

What are congenital disorders?

A

Congenital disorders are medical conditions present at birth, regardless of their origin.

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10
Q

What severe outcomes can arise from congenital infections?

A

Congenital infections can lead to fetal death or congenital malformations.

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11
Q

What is congenital CMV?

A

Congenital CMV refers to cytomegalovirus transmission from mother to child, potentially causing permanent disability.

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12
Q

What is the significance of rubella vaccination during pregnancy?

A

Vaccination against rubella is crucial to prevent congenital rubella syndrome.

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13
Q

What is the transmission risk of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy?

A

Risk increases from 15% in early pregnancy to 60% in the final trimester.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV in infants?

A

Symptoms include growth failure, recurrent infections, developmental delays, and immunodeficiency.

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15
Q

What are the effects of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy?

A

It increases the likelihood of early birth and can lead to serious complications for the baby.

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16
Q

What is the role of maternal antibodies in infant immunity?

A

Maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to the infant before and shortly after birth.

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17
Q

What is the significance of active immunity in infants?

A

Active immunity is developed through early IgM production, maternal IgG transition, and vaccination.

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18
Q

What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)?

A

SSSS is a skin infection caused by group II staphylococci, more common in infants.

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19
Q

What are common infections in young adults?

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A

Common infections include mononucleosis, STIs, influenza, and meningococcal disease.

20
Q

What is the impact of aging on the immune system?

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A

Aging leads to immune senescence, delayed recovery, and increased susceptibility to infections.

21
Q

What percentage of deaths in individuals aged 65 and older are due to infectious diseases?

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A

Approximately one-third of all deaths in this age group are due to infectious diseases.

22
Q

What factors influence susceptibility to microbial disease?

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A

Factors include biological, cultural, and social influences.

23
Q

Fill in the blank: Maternal antibodies provide _______ immunity to the infant.

24
Q

True or False: Congenital infections can only lead to mild health issues.

25
List three common infections that affect infants.
* Group B streptococcal disease (GBS) * Herpes simplex * Staphylococcal conjunctivitis
26
What are the different effects microorganisms have on different age-groups?
Microorganisms affect age-groups differently, influencing immune reactions and infection susceptibility.
27
Explain the immune reactions that occur in different age-groups.
Immune reactions vary by age, with infants relying on maternal antibodies, young adults having a mature immune response, and the elderly experiencing immune senescence.
28
What infections can occur in pregnant women that affect fetal development?
Infections like congenital CMV, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and HIV can impact fetal development.
29
Define congenital infections.
Congenital infections are intrauterine infections that occur during pregnancy, potentially leading to fetal malformations or death.
30
What is congenital CMV infection and its effects?
Congenital CMV infection is caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and can lead to permanent disability in children.
31
What is congenital rubella and when is it most harmful?
Congenital rubella is caused by the rubella virus and is most harmful when the pregnant woman is infected during critical fetal development.
32
What is congenital syphilis and how is it transmitted?
Congenital syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum and is passed from an infected mother to her child.
33
What is congenital toxoplasmosis?
Congenital toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and can occur if the mother is infected during pregnancy.
34
When do most congenital HIV infections occur?
Most congenital HIV infections occur during late pregnancy or delivery.
35
List common vaginal infections that can affect pregnant women.
* Gardnerella vaginalis * Mycoplasma hominis * Bacteroides * Trichomonas vaginalis * Candida albicans
36
How do maternal antibodies affect the immune system of infants?
Maternal antibodies (IgGs) cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the infant.
37
What is the significance of colostrum and breast milk for infants?
Colostrum and breast milk provide passive antibodies (IgAs), representing the mother's immunity.
38
What happens to passive maternal IgGs during the first 6 months of an infant's life?
Passive maternal IgGs decline while infant IgG synthesis increases.
39
What are common microbial infections in infants and children?
* Skin infections * Deep folliculitis * Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome * Impetigo * Neonatal infections like GBS and herpes simplex
40
What infections are commonly seen in children?
* Sore throat (pharyngitis) * Rheumatic fever * Scarlet fever * Otitis media * Chickenpox * Rubella * Common cold * Mumps and measles
41
How is the immune system of young adults characterized?
The immune system of young adults is generally active and has defenses against most childhood diseases.
42
What are common infections in young adults?
* Infectious mononucleosis * Sexually transmitted infections * Influenza * Meningococcal disease
43
What factors contribute to the decline of immune function in older adults?
Aging leads to immune senescence, increased vulnerability to infections, and delayed recovery.
44
What are common microbial infections in older adults?
* Pneumonia * Influenza * Urinary tract infections * Skin infections * COVID-19
45
What percentage of deaths in individuals 65 and older are due to infectious diseases?
Approximately one third of all deaths in individuals 65 and older are due to infectious diseases.
46
What additional factors influence susceptibility to microbial diseases in older adults?
* Physical condition * Social environment * Underlying health conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes)
47
True or False: The immune system of older adults is often less able to differentiate between own cells and foreign substances.
True

bio 101 (28 decks)

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